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# HEAD
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[![CC0 ](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-CC0-green.svg )](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)
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[![Contributors ](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/joshbuchea/head.svg )](https://github.com/joshbuchea/HEAD/graphs/contributors)
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A list of everything that \*could\* go in the `<head>` of your document
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## Table of Contents
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- [Recommended Minimum ](#recommended-minimum )
- [Elements ](#elements )
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- [Meta ](#meta )
- [Link ](#link )
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- [Favicons ](#favicons )
- [Social ](#social )
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- [Facebook Open Graph ](#facebook-open-graph )
- [Facebook Instant Articles ](#facebook-instant-articles )
- [Twitter Cards ](#twitter-cards )
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- [Google+ / Schema.org ](#google--schemaorg )
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- [OEmbed ](#oembed )
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- [Browsers / Platforms ](#browsers--platforms )
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- [Apple iOS ](#apple-ios )
- [Apple Safari ](#apple-safari )
- [Google Android ](#google-android )
- [Google Chrome ](#google-chrome )
- [Microsoft Internet Explorer ](#microsoft-internet-explorer )
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- [Browsers (Chinese) ](#browsers-chinese )
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- [360 Browser ](#360-browser )
- [QQ Mobile Browser ](#qq-mobile-browser )
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- [UC Mobile Browser ](#uc-mobile-browser )
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- [App Links ](#app-links )
- [Notes ](#notes )
- [Performance ](#performance )
- [Other Resources ](#other-resources )
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- [Related Projects ](#related-projects )
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- [Other Formats ](#other-formats )
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- [Translations ](#translations )
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- [Contributing ](#contributing )
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- [Contributors ](#contributors )
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- [Author ](#author )
- [License ](#license )
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## Recommended Minimum
Below are the essential tags for basic, minimalist websites:
```html
< meta charset = "utf-8" >
< meta http-equiv = "x-ua-compatible" content = "ie=edge" >
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< meta name = "viewport" content = "width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" >
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<!-- The above 3 meta tags *must* come first in the head; any other head content must come *after* these tags -->
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< title > Page Title< / title >
```
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**
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## Elements
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Valid `<head>` elements include `meta` , `link` , `title` , `style` , `script` , `noscript` , and `base` .
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``` html
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<!-- Document Title -->
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< title > Page Title< / title >
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<!-- Base URL to use for all relative URLs contained within the document -->
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< base href = "http://example.com/page.html" >
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<!-- External CSS -->
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< link rel = "stylesheet" href = "styles.css" >
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<!-- In - document CSS -->
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< style >
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/* ... */
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< / style >
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<!-- JavaScript -->
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< script src = "script.js" > < / script >
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< noscript > <!-- no JS alternative --> < / noscript >
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```
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**
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## Meta
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``` html
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< meta charset = "utf-8" > <!-- set character encoding for the document -->
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< meta http-equiv = "x-ua-compatible" content = "ie=edge" >
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< meta name = "viewport" content = "width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" >
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<!-- The above 3 meta tags *must* come first in the head; any other head content must come *after* these tags -->
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<!-- Allows control over where resources are loaded from -->
< meta http-equiv = "Content-Security-Policy" content = "default-src 'self'" >
<!-- Place as early in the document as possible -->
<!-- Only applies to content below this tag -->
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<!-- Name of web application (only should be used if the website is used as an app) -->
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< meta name = "application-name" content = "Application Name" >
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<!-- Short description of the page (limit to 150 characters) -->
<!-- In *some* situations this description is used as a part of the snippet shown in the search results. -->
< meta name = "description" content = "A description of the page" >
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<!-- Control the behavior of search engine crawling and indexing -->
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< meta name = "robots" content = "index,follow" > <!-- All Search Engines -->
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< meta name = "googlebot" content = "index,follow" > <!-- Google Specific -->
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<!-- Tells Google not to show the sitelinks search box -->
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< meta name = "google" content = "nositelinkssearchbox" >
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<!-- Tells Google not to provide a translation for this page -->
< meta name = "google" content = "notranslate" >
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<!-- Verify ownership -->
< meta name = "google-site-verification" content = "verification_token" > <!-- Google Search Console -->
< meta name = "yandex-verification" content = "verification_token" > <!-- Yandex Webmasters -->
< meta name = "msvalidate.01" content = "verification_token" > <!-- Bing Webmaster Center -->
< meta name = "alexaVerifyID" content = "verification_token" > <!-- Alexa Console -->
< meta name = "p:domain_verify" content = "code_from_pinterest" > <!-- Pinterest Console -->
< meta name = "norton-safeweb-site-verification" content = "norton_code" > <!-- Norton Safe Web -->
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<!-- Used to name software used to build the website (i.e. - WordPress, Dreamweaver) -->
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< meta name = "generator" content = "program" >
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<!-- Short description of your site's subject -->
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< meta name = "subject" content = "your website's subject" >
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<!-- Gives a general age rating based on sites content -->
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< meta name = "rating" content = "General" >
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<!-- Allows control over how referrer information is passed -->
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< meta name = "referrer" content = "no-referrer" >
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<!-- Disable automatic detection and formatting of possible phone numbers -->
< meta name = "format-detection" content = "telephone=no" >
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<!-- Completely opt out of DNS prefetching by setting to 'off' -->
< meta http-equiv = "x-dns-prefetch-control" content = "off" >
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<!-- Stores cookie on the client web browser for client identification -->
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< meta http-equiv = "set-cookie" content = "name=value; expires=date; path=url" >
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<!-- Specifies the page to appear in a specific frame -->
< meta http-equiv = "Window-Target" content = "_value" >
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<!-- Geo tags -->
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< meta name = "ICBM" content = "latitude, longitude" >
< meta name = "geo.position" content = "latitude;longitude" >
< meta name = "geo.region" content = "country[-state]" > <!-- Country code (ISO 3166 - 1): mandatory, state code (ISO 3166 - 2): optional; eg. content="US" / content="US - NY" -->
< meta name = "geo.placename" content = "city/town" > <!-- eg. content="New York City" -->
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```
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- [Meta tags that Google understands ](https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/79812?hl=en )
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- [WHATWG Wiki: MetaExtensions ](https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/MetaExtensions )
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- [ICBM on Wikipedia ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBM_address#Modern_use )
- [Geotagging on Wikipedia ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotagging#HTML_pages )
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**
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## Link
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``` html
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<!-- Points to a CSS stylesheet -->
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< link rel = "stylesheet" href = "http://example.com/styles.css" >
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<!-- Helps prevent duplicate content issues -->
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< link rel = "canonical" href = "http://example.com/2010/06/9-things-to-do-before-entering-social-media.html" >
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<!-- Used to be included before the icon link, but is deprecated and no longer is used -->
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< link rel = "shortlink" href = "http://example.com/?p=42" >
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<!-- Links to an AMP HTML version of the current document -->
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< link rel = "amphtml" href = "http://example.com/path/to/amp-version.html" >
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<!-- Links to a JSON file that specifies "installation" credentials for web applications -->
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< link rel = "manifest" href = "manifest.json" >
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<!-- Links to the author of the document -->
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< link rel = "author" href = "humans.txt" >
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<!-- Refers to a copyright statement that applies to the links context -->
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< link rel = "license" href = "copyright.html" >
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<!-- Gives a reference to a location in your document that may be in another language -->
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< link rel = "alternate" href = "https://es.example.com/" hreflang = "es" >
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<!-- Gives information about an author or another person -->
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< link rel = "me" href = "https://google.com/profiles/thenextweb" type = "text/html" >
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< link rel = "me" href = "mailto:name@example.com" >
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< link rel = "me" href = "sms:+15035550125" >
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<!-- Links to a document that describes a collection of records, documents, or other materials of historical interest. -->
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< link rel = "archives" href = "http://example.com/archives/" >
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<!-- Links to top level resource in an hierarchical structure -->
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< link rel = "index" href = "http://example.com/" >
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<!-- Gives a self reference - useful when the document has multiple possible references -->
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< link rel = "self" type = "application/atom+xml" href = "http://example.com/atomFeed.php?page=3" >
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<!-- The first, next, previous, and last documents in a series of documents, respectively -->
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< link rel = "first" href = "http://example.com/atomFeed.php" >
< link rel = "next" href = "http://example.com/atomFeed.php?page=4" >
< link rel = "prev" href = "http://example.com/atomFeed.php?page=2" >
< link rel = "last" href = "http://example.com/atomFeed.php?page=147" >
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<!-- Used when using a 3rd party service to maintain a blog -->
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< link rel = "EditURI" href = "http://example.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" type = "application/rsd+xml" title = "RSD" >
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<!-- Forms an automated comment when another WordPress blog links to your WordPress blog or post -->
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< link rel = "pingback" href = "http://example.com/xmlrpc.php" >
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<!-- Notifies a url when you link to it on your site -->
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< link rel = "webmention" href = "http://example.com/webmention" >
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<!-- Enables posting to your own domain using a Micropub client -->
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< link rel = "micropub" href = "http://example.com/micropub" >
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<!-- Loads in an external HTML file into the current HTML file -->
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< link rel = "import" href = "/path/to/component.html" >
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<!-- Open Search -->
< link rel = "search" href = "/open-search.xml" type = "application/opensearchdescription+xml" title = "Search Title" >
<!-- Feeds -->
< link rel = "alternate" href = "https://feeds.feedburner.com/example" type = "application/rss+xml" title = "RSS" >
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< link rel = "alternate" href = "http://example.com/feed.atom" type = "application/atom+xml" title = "Atom 0.3" >
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<!-- Prefetching, preloading, prebrowsing -->
< link rel = "dns-prefetch" href = "//example.com/" >
< link rel = "preconnect" href = "https://www.example.com/" >
< link rel = "prefetch" href = "https://www.example.com/" >
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< link rel = "prerender" href = "http://example.com/" >
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< link rel = "preload" href = "image.png" as = "image" >
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<!-- More info: https://css - tricks.com/prefetching - preloading - prebrowsing/ -->
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```
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**
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### Favicons
``` html
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<!-- For IE 10 and below -->
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<!-- Place favicon.ico in the root directory - no tag necessary -->
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<!-- For IE 11, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera -->
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< link rel = "icon" type = "image/png" sizes = "16x16" href = "/path/to/favicon-16x16.png" >
< link rel = "icon" type = "image/png" sizes = "32x32" href = "/path/to/favicon-32x32.png" >
< link rel = "icon" type = "image/png" sizes = "96x96" href = "/path/to/favicon-96x96.png" >
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```
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- [All About Favicons (And Touch Icons) ](https://bitsofco.de/all-about-favicons-and-touch-icons/ )
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- [Favicon Cheat Sheet ](https://github.com/audreyr/favicon-cheat-sheet )
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## Social
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### Facebook Instant Articles
``` html
< meta charset = "utf-8" >
< meta property = "op:markup_version" content = "v1.0" >
<!-- The URL of the web version of your article -->
< link rel = "canonical" href = "http://example.com/article.html" >
<!-- The style to be used for this article -->
< meta property = "fb:article_style" content = "myarticlestyle" >
```
- [Creating Articles - Instant Articles ](https://developers.facebook.com/docs/instant-articles/guides/articlecreate )
- [Code Samples - Instant Articles ](https://developers.facebook.com/docs/instant-articles/reference )
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### Facebook Open Graph
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``` html
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< meta property = "fb:app_id" content = "123456789" >
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< meta property = "og:url" content = "http://example.com/page.html" >
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< meta property = "og:type" content = "website" >
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< meta property = "og:title" content = "Content Title" >
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< meta property = "og:image" content = "http://example.com/image.jpg" >
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< meta property = "og:description" content = "Description Here" >
< meta property = "og:site_name" content = "Site Name" >
< meta property = "og:locale" content = "en_US" >
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< meta property = "article:author" content = "" >
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```
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- [Facebook Open Graph Markup ](https://developers.facebook.com/docs/sharing/webmasters#markup )
- [Open Graph protocol ](http://ogp.me/ )
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### Twitter Cards
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``` html
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< meta name = "twitter:card" content = "summary" >
< meta name = "twitter:site" content = "@site_account" >
< meta name = "twitter:creator" content = "@individual_account" >
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< meta name = "twitter:url" content = "http://example.com/page.html" >
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< meta name = "twitter:title" content = "Content Title" >
< meta name = "twitter:description" content = "Content description less than 200 characters" >
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< meta name = "twitter:image" content = "http://example.com/image.jpg" >
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```
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- [Getting started with cards — Twitter Developers ](https://dev.twitter.com/cards/getting-started )
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- [Twitter Card Validator ](https://cards-dev.twitter.com/validator )
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### Google+ / Schema.org
``` html
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< link href = "https://plus.google.com/+YourPage" rel = "publisher" >
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< meta itemprop = "name" content = "Content Title" >
< meta itemprop = "description" content = "Content description less than 200 characters" >
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< meta itemprop = "image" content = "http://example.com/image.jpg" >
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```
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### Pinterest
Pinterest lets you prevent people from saving things from your website, according [to their help center ](https://help.pinterest.com/en/articles/prevent-people-saving-things-pinterest-your-site ). The `description` is optional.
``` html
< meta name = "pinterest" content = "nopin" description = "Sorry, you can't save from my website!" >
```
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### OEmbed
``` html
< link rel = "alternate" type = "application/json+oembed"
href="http://example.com/services/oembed?url=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2Ffoo%2F& format=json"
title="oEmbed Profile: JSON">
< link rel = "alternate" type = "text/xml+oembed"
href="http://example.com/services/oembed?url=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2Ffoo%2F& format=xml"
title="oEmbed Profile: XML">
```
- [oEmbed format ](http://oembed.com/ )
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**
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## Browsers / Platforms
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### Apple iOS
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``` html
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<!-- Smart App Banner -->
< meta name = "apple-itunes-app" content = "app-id=APP_ID,affiliate-data=AFFILIATE_ID,app-argument=SOME_TEXT" >
<!-- Disable automatic detection and formatting of possible phone numbers -->
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< meta name = "format-detection" content = "telephone=no" >
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<!-- Add to Home Screen -->
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< meta name = "apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content = "yes" >
< meta name = "apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content = "black" >
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< meta name = "apple-mobile-web-app-title" content = "App Title" >
<!-- Touch Icons -->
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<!-- In most cases, one 180× 180px touch icon in the head is enough -->
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< link rel = "apple-touch-icon" href = "/path/to/apple-touch-icon.png" >
<!-- Note: Safari on iOS 7 doesn’ t add effects to icons. -->
<!-- Older versions of Safari will not add effects for icon files named with the - precomposed.png suffix. -->
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<!-- Startup Image ( Deprecated ) -->
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< link rel = "apple-touch-startup-image" href = "/path/to/startup.png" >
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<!-- iOS app deep linking -->
< meta name = "apple-itunes-app" content = "app-id=APP-ID, app-argument=http/url-sample.com" >
< link rel = "alternate" href = "ios-app://APP-ID/http/url-sample.com" >
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```
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- [Apple Meta Tags ](https://developer.apple.com/library/safari/documentation/AppleApplications/Reference/SafariHTMLRef/Articles/MetaTags.html )
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### Apple Safari
```html
<!-- Pinned Site -->
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< link rel = "mask-icon" href = "/path/to/icon.svg" color = "red" >
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```
### Google Android
``` html
< meta name = "theme-color" content = "#E64545" >
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<!-- Add to home screen -->
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< meta name = "mobile-web-app-capable" content = "yes" >
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<!-- More info: https://developer.chrome.com/multidevice/android/installtohomescreen -->
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<!-- Android app deep linking -->
< meta name = "google-play-app" content = "app-id=package-name" >
< link rel = "alternate" href = "android-app://package-name/http/url-sample.com" >
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```
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### Google Chrome
``` html
< link rel = "chrome-webstore-item" href = "https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/APP_ID" >
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<!-- Disable translation prompt -->
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< meta name = "google" content = "notranslate" >
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```
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### Google Chrome Mobile (Android Only)
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Since Chrome 31, you can set up your web app to "app mode" like Safari.
``` html
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<!-- Link to a manifest and define the manifest metadata. -->
<!-- The example of manifest.json could be found in the link below. -->
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< link rel = "manifest" href = "manifest.json" >
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<!-- Define your web page as a web app -->
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< meta name = "mobile-web-app-capable" content = "yes" >
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<!-- Homescreen Icon -->
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< link rel = "icon" sizes = "192x192" href = "/path/to/highres-icon.png" >
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```
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- [Google Developer ](https://developer.chrome.com/multidevice/android/installtohomescreen )
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### Microsoft Internet Explorer
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``` html
< meta http-equiv = "x-ua-compatible" content = "ie=edge" >
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< meta name = "skype_toolbar" content = "skype_toolbar_parser_compatible" >
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<!-- IE10: Disable link highlighting upon tap (https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2012/11/15/adapting - your - webkit - optimized - site - for - internet - explorer - 10/) -->
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< meta name = "msapplication-tap-highlight" content = "no" >
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<!-- Pinned sites (https://msdn.microsoft.com/en - us/library/dn255024(v=vs.85).aspx) -->
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< meta name = "application-name" content = "Sample Title" >
< meta name = "msapplication-tooltip" content = "A description of what this site does." >
< meta name = "msapplication-starturl" content = "http://example.com/index.html?pinned=true" >
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< meta name = "msapplication-navbutton-color" content = "#FF3300" >
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< meta name = "msapplication-window" content = "width=800;height=600" >
< meta name = "msapplication-task" content = "name=Task 1;action-uri=http://host/Page1.html;icon-uri=http://host/icon1.ico" >
< meta name = "msapplication-task" content = "name=Task 2;action-uri=http://microsoft.com/Page2.html;icon-uri=http://host/icon2.ico" >
< meta name = "msapplication-badge" value = "frequency=NUMBER_IN_MINUTES;polling-uri=http://example.com/path/to/file.xml" >
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< meta name = "msapplication-TileColor" content = "#FF3300" >
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< meta name = "msapplication-TileImage" content = "/path/to/tileimage.jpg" >
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< meta name = "msapplication-config" content = "http://example.com/browserconfig.xml" >
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< meta name = "msapplication-notification" content = "frequency=60;polling-uri=http://example.com/livetile;polling-uri2=http://example.com/livetile2" >
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< meta name = "msapplication-task-separator" content = "1" >
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```
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**
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## App Links
``` html
<!-- iOS -->
< meta property = "al:ios:url" content = "applinks://docs" >
< meta property = "al:ios:app_store_id" content = "12345" >
< meta property = "al:ios:app_name" content = "App Links" >
<!-- Android -->
< meta property = "al:android:url" content = "applinks://docs" >
< meta property = "al:android:app_name" content = "App Links" >
< meta property = "al:android:package" content = "org.applinks" >
<!-- Web Fallback -->
< meta property = "al:web:url" content = "http://applinks.org/documentation" >
<!-- More info: http://applinks.org/documentation/ -->
```
- [App Links Docs ](http://applinks.org/documentation/ )
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**
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## Browsers (Chinese)
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### 360 Browser
``` html
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<!-- Select rendering engine order -->
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< meta name = "renderer" content = "webkit|ie-comp|ie-stand" >
```
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### QQ Mobile Browser
``` html
<!-- Locks the screen into the specified orientation -->
< meta name = "x5-orientation" content = "landscape/portrait" >
<!-- Display this page in fullscreen -->
< meta name = "x5-fullscreen" content = "true" >
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<!-- Page will be displayed in "application mode" (full screen, etc.) -->
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< meta name = "x5-page-mode" content = "app" >
```
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### UC Mobile Browser
``` html
<!-- Locks the screen into the specified orientation -->
< meta name = "screen-orientation" content = "landscape/portrait" >
<!-- Display this page in fullscreen -->
< meta name = "full-screen" content = "yes" >
<!-- UC browser will display images even if in "text mode" -->
< meta name = "imagemode" content = "force" >
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<!-- Page will be displayed in "application mode"(full screen, forbidding gesture, etc.) -->
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< meta name = "browsermode" content = "application" >
<!-- Disabled the UC browser's "night mode" in this page -->
< meta name = "nightmode" content = "disable" >
<!-- Simplify the page to reduce data transfer -->
< meta name = "layoutmode" content = "fitscreen" >
<!-- Disable the UC browser's feature of "scaling font up when there are many words in this page" -->
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< meta name = "wap-font-scale" content = "no" >
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```
- [UC Browser Docs ](http://www.uc.cn/download/UCBrowser_U3_API.doc )
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**
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## Notes
### Performance
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Moving the `href` attribute to the beginning of an element improves compression when GZIP is enabled, because the `href` attribute is used in `a` , `base` , and `link` tags.
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Example:
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``` html
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< link href = "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,700" rel = "stylesheet" >
```
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**
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## Other Resources
- [HTML5 Boilerplate Docs: The HTML ](https://github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/blob/master/dist/doc/html.md )
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- [HTML5 Boilerplate Docs: Extend and customize ](https://github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/blob/master/dist/doc/extend.md )
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**
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## Related Projects
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- [Atom HTML Head Snippets ](https://github.com/joshbuchea/atom-html-head-snippets ) - Atom package for `HEAD` snippets
- [Sublime Text HTML Head Snippets ](https://github.com/marcobiedermann/sublime-head-snippets ) - Sublime Text package for `HEAD` snippets
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- [head-it ](https://github.com/hemanth/head-it ) - CLI interface for `HEAD` snippets
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- [vue-head ](https://github.com/ktquez/vue-head ) - Manipulating the meta information of the `HEAD` tag for Vue.js
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**
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## Other Formats
- [PDF ](https://gitprint.com/joshbuchea/HEAD/blob/master/README.md )
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**
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## Translations
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- 🇧🇷 [Brazilian Portuguese ](https://github.com/Webschool-io/HEAD )
- 🇨🇳 [Chinese (Simplified) ](https://github.com/Amery2010/HEAD )
- 🇮🇹 [Italian ](https://github.com/Fakkio/HEAD )
- 🇯🇵 [Japanese ](http://coliss.com/articles/build-websites/operation/work/collection-of-html-head-elements.html )
- 🇷🇺 [Russian/Русский ](https://github.com/Konfuze/HEAD )
- 🇹🇷 [Turkish/Türkçe ](https://github.com/mkg0/HEAD )
- 🇰🇷 [Korean ](https://github.com/Lutece/HEAD )
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**
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## Contributing
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**Open an issue or a pull request to suggest changes or additions.**
### Guide
The **HEAD** repository consists of two branches:
#### 1. `master`
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This branch consists of the `README.md` file that is automatically reflected on the [gethead.info ](http://gethead.info/ ) website. All changes to the content of the cheat sheet as such should be directed to this file.
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Please follow these steps for pull requests:
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- Modify only one tag, or one related set of tags at a time
- Use double quotes on attributes
- Don't include a trailing slash in self-closing elements — the HTML5 spec says they're optional
- Consider including a link to documentation that supports your change
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#### 2. `gh-pages`
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This branch is responsible for the [gethead.info ](http://gethead.info/ ) website. We use [Jekyll ](https://jekyllrb.com/ ) to deploy the `README.md` Markdown file through [GitHub Pages ](https://pages.github.com/ ). All website related modifications must be directed here.
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You may want to go through the [Jekyll Docs ](https://jekyllrb.com/docs/home/ ) and understand how Jekyll works before working on this branch.
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### Contributors
Check out all the super awesome [contributors ](https://github.com/joshbuchea/HEAD/graphs/contributors ).
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## Author
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**[Josh Buchea](http://joshbuchea.com/)**
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## License
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[![CC0 ](http://i.creativecommons.org/p/zero/1.0/88x31.png )](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)
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**[⬆ back to top](#table-of-contents)**