minor updates

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Adnan Ahmed 2017-04-01 17:08:39 +04:00 committed by GitHub
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@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
### a. `export`
Displays all environment variables and if you want to get detail of specific variable then use `echo $VARIABLE_NAME`
Syntax:
```bash
export
```
@ -43,7 +42,6 @@ $ echo $SHELL
### b. `whereis`
Finds out where a specific binary is on your system.
Syntax:
```bash
whereis name
```
@ -55,7 +53,6 @@ $ whereis php
### c. `which`
Locate a program file in the user's path. This command will prints full path of the executable(s). It does this by searching the directories listed in the environment variable PATH.
Syntax:
```bash
which program_name
```
@ -95,7 +92,6 @@ Clears content on window
### a. `ls`
Lists your files. It has a lot of options like `-l` lists files in 'long format', which contains the exact size of the file, who owns the file and who has the right to look at it, and when it was last modified. `-a` lists all files, including hidden files. For more information on this command check this [link](https://ss64.com/bash/ls.html)
Syntax:
```bash
ls option
```
@ -114,7 +110,6 @@ drwxr-xr-x 17 adnan staff 578 Mar 27 23:36 .git
### b. `touch`
Creates or updates your file
Syntax:
```bash
touch filename
```
@ -125,28 +120,24 @@ $ touch trick.md
### c. `cat`
Places standard input into file. Means that it opens the file in terminal for you to edit
Syntax:
```bash
cat > filename
```
### d. `more`
Shows the first part of a file (move with space and type q to quit)
Syntax:
```bash
more filename
```
### e. `head`
Outputs the first 10 lines of file
Syntax:
```bash
head filename
```
### f. `tail`
Outputs the last 10 lines of file. Use `-f` to output appended data as the file grows
Syntax:
```bash
tail filename
```
@ -154,7 +145,6 @@ tail filename
### g. `mv`
Moves a file from one location to other
Syntax:
```bash
mv filename1 filename2
```
@ -162,7 +152,6 @@ Where `filename1` is the source path to the file and `filename2` is the destinat
### h. `cp`
Copies a file from one location to other
Syntax:
```bash
cp filename1 filename2
```
@ -172,56 +161,48 @@ Where `filename1` is the source path to the file and `filename2` is the destinat
Removes a file. But if you will apply this command on a directory directory, it will gives you an error
`rm: directory: is a directory`
So in order to remove directory you have to pass `-rf` to remove all the content of the directory recursively
Syntax:
```bash
rm filename
```
### j. `diff`
Compares files, and shows where they differ
Syntax:
```bash
diff filename1 filename2
```
### k. `chmod`
Lets you change the read, write, and execute permissions on your files
Syntax:
```bash
chmod -options filename
```
### l. `gzip`
Compresses files
Syntax:
```bash
gzip filename
```
### m. `gunzip`
Un-compresses files compressed by gzip
Syntax:
```bash
gunzip filename
```
### n. `gzcat`
Lets you look at gzipped file without actually having to gunzip it
Syntax:
```bash
gzcat filename
```
### o. `lpr`
Print the file
Syntax:
```bash
lpr filename
```
### p. `lpq`
Check out the printer queue
Syntax:
```bash
lpq
```
@ -235,7 +216,6 @@ active adnanad 59 demo 399360 bytes
### q. `lprm`
Remove something from the printer queue
Syntax:
```bash
lprm jobnumber
```
@ -266,7 +246,6 @@ lprm jobnumber
### a. `awk`
Awk is most usefull command for handling text files. It operates on entire file line by line. By default it uses whitespace to separate the fields. The most common syntax for awk command is
Syntax:
```bash
awk '/search_pattern/ { action_to_take_if_pattern_matches; }' file_to_parse
```
@ -295,7 +274,6 @@ For more detail on how to use `awk`, check following [link](https://www.cybercit
### b. `grep`
Looks for text inside files. You can use grep to search for lines of text that match one or many regular expressions, and outputs only the matching lines.
Syntax:
```bash
grep pattern filename
```
@ -314,7 +292,6 @@ And `-w` to search for words only. For more detail on `grep`, check following [l
### c. `wc`
Tells you how many lines, words and characters there are in a file
Syntax:
```bash
wc filename
```
@ -370,7 +347,6 @@ TODO
### a. `mkdir`
Makes a new directory
Syntax:
```bash
mkdir dirname
```
@ -387,7 +363,6 @@ cd dirname
### c. `pwd`
Tells you in which directory you currently are
Syntax:
```bash
pwd
```
@ -429,12 +404,10 @@ pwd
### a. `ssh`
ssh (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine.
Syntax:
```bash
ssh user@host
```
This command also accepts an option `-p` that can to used to connect to specific port.
Syntax:
```bash
ssh -p port user@host
```
@ -446,8 +419,7 @@ Return current logged in username
Allows the current logged user to change his password
### d. `quota`
Shows what your disk quota is
Syntax:
Shows what your disk quota is
```bash
quota -v
```
@ -466,21 +438,18 @@ Displays who is online
### i. `finger`
Displays information about user
Syntax:
```bash
finger username
```
### j. `uname`
Shows kernel information
Syntax:
```bash
uname -a
```
### k. `man`
Shows the manual for specified command
Syntax:
```bash
man command
```
@ -490,35 +459,30 @@ Shows disk usage
### m. `du`
Shows the disk usage of the files and directories in filename (du -s give only a total)
Syntax:
```bash
du filename
```
### n. `last`
Lists your last logins of specified user
Syntax:
```bash
last yourUsername
```
### o. `ps`
Lists your processes
Syntax:
```bash
ps -u yourusername
```
### p. `kill`
Kills (ends) the processes with the ID you gave
Syntax:
```bash
kill PID
```
### q. `killall`
Kill all processes with the name
Syntax:
```bash
killall processname
```
@ -534,28 +498,24 @@ Brings the most recent job in the foreground.
### u. `ping`
Pings host and outputs results
Syntax:
```bash
ping host
```
### v. `whois`
Gets whois information for domain
Syntax:
```bash
whois domain
```
### w. `dig`
Gets DNS information for domain
Syntax:
```bash
dig domain
```
### x. `wget`
Downloads file
Syntax:
```bash
wget file
```
@ -634,7 +594,6 @@ ${#varname} # returns the length of the value of the variable as a character
## 2.3. Functions
As in almost any programming language, you can use functions to group pieces of code in a more logical way or practice the divine art of recursion. Declaring a function is just a matter of writing function my_func { my_code }. Calling a function is just like calling another program, you just write its name.
Syntax:
```bash
functname() {
shell commands
@ -661,7 +620,6 @@ When you will run above example the `hello` function will output "world!". The a
The conditional statement in bash is similar to other programming languages. Conditions have many form like the most basic form is `if` expression `then` statement where statement is only executed if expression is true.
Syntax:
```bash
if [expression]; then
will execute only if expression is true
@ -672,7 +630,6 @@ fi
Sometime if conditions becoming confusing so you can write the same condition using the `case statements`.
Syntax:
```bash
case expression in
pattern1 )
@ -772,7 +729,6 @@ cd hotellogs
# 4. Debugging
You can easily debug the bash script by passing different options to `bash` command. For example `-n` will not run commands and check for syntax errors only. `-v` echo commands before running them. `-x` echo commands after command-line processing.
Syntax:
```bash
bash -n scriptname
bash -v scriptname