Коллекция .htaccess сниппетов, собранных в одном месте.
**Дисклеймер**: Перед тем, как использовать сниппет в файле `.htaccess`, в большинстве случаев необходимо сделать небольшие коррекции (поменять название папки или файла, изменить URL и т.д.). Используйте сниппеты на свой страх и риск.
**ВАЖНО**: В Apache 2.4 появилось несколько важных изменений, особенно в конфигурации управления доступами. Чтобы узнать больше об этих и других изменениях перейдите по этой [ссылке](https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/upgrading.html), а также просмотрите это [ишью](https://github.com/phanan/htaccess/issues/2).
## Поддержка
Что мы делаем? Здесь собраны самые полезные сниппеты для файла `.htaccess` из всего интернета (например, много разных приемов из [Apache Server Configs](https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache) мы собрали в одном месте). Не исключено, что мы могли что-то упустить. Если вы заметили где-то ошибки или несоответствия, пожалуйста, сообщите нам об этом или сделайте Pull Request.
Подробнее о том, как помочь проекту и делать Pull Request'ы, вы можете прочитать в [этой статье](https://habrahabr.ru/post/275219/) на Хабрахабр.
It’s [still](http://www.sitepoint.com/domain-www-or-no-www/) [open](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/apex-domains) [for](http://yes-www.org/) [debate](http://no-www.org/) whether www or non-www is the way to go, so if you happen to be a fan of bare domains, here you go:
This snippet will redirect paths ending in slashes to their non-slash-terminated counterparts (except for actual directories), e.g. `http://www.example.com/blog/` to `http://www.example.com/blog`. This is important for SEO, since it’s [recommended](http://overit.com/blog/canonical-urls) to have a canonical URL for every page.
This example has an `index.fcgi` file in some directory, and any requests within that directory that fail to resolve a filename/directory will be sent to the `index.fcgi` script. It’s good if you want `baz.foo/some/cool/path` to be handled by `baz.foo/index.fcgi` (which also supports requests to `baz.foo`) while maintaining `baz.foo/css/style.css` and the like. Get access to the original path from the PATH_INFO environment variable, as exposed to your scripting environment.
``` apacheconf
RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^$ index.fcgi/ [QSA,L]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.fcgi/$1 [QSA,L]
```
This is a less efficient version of the FallbackResource directive (because using `mod_rewrite` is more complex than just handling the `FallbackResource` directive), but it’s also more flexible.
### Redirect an Entire Site
``` apacheconf
Redirect 301 / http://newsite.com/
```
This way does it with links intact. That is `www.oldsite.com/some/crazy/link.html` will become `www.newsite.com/some/crazy/link.html`. This is extremely helpful when you are just “moving” a site to a new domain. [Source](http://css-tricks.com/snippets/htaccess/301-redirects/)
### Alias “Clean” URLs
This snippet lets you use “clean” URLs -- those without a PHP extension, e.g. `example.com/users` instead of `example.com/users.php`.
But wait, this will lock you out from your content as well! Thus introducing...
### Deny All Access Except Yours
``` apacheconf
## Apache 2.2
Order deny,allow
Deny from all
Allow from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
## Apache 2.4
# Require all denied
# Require ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
```
`xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx` is your IP. If you replace the last three digits with `0/12` for example, this will specify a range of IPs within the same network, thus saving you the trouble to list all allowed IPs separately. [Source](http://speckyboy.com/2013/01/08/useful-htaccess-snippets-and-hacks/)
Now of course there's a reversed version:
### Allow All Access Except Spammers'
``` apacheconf
## Apache 2.2
Order deny,allow
Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy
## Apache 2.4
# Require all granted
# Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
# Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy
```
### Deny Access to Hidden Files and Directories
Hidden files and directories (those whose names start with a dot `.`) should most, if not all, of the time be secured. For example: `.htaccess`, `.htpasswd`, `.git`, `.hg`...
``` apacheconf
RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -d [OR]
RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -f
RewriteRule "(^|/)\." - [F]
```
Alternatively, you can just raise a “Not Found” error, giving the attacker no clue:
``` apacheconf
RedirectMatch 404 /\..*$
```
### Deny Access to Backup and Source Files
These files may be left by some text/HTML editors (like Vi/Vim) and pose a great security danger if exposed to public.
_Expires headers_ tell the browser whether they should request a specific file from the server or just grab it from the cache. It is advisable to set static content's expires headers to something far in the future.
If you don’t control versioning with filename-based cache busting, consider lowering the cache time for resources like CSS and JS to something like 1 week. [Source](https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache)
``` apacheconf
<IfModulemod_expires.c>
ExpiresActive on
ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month"
# CSS
ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 1 year"
# Data interchange
ExpiresByType application/json "access plus 0 seconds"
ExpiresByType application/xml "access plus 0 seconds"
ExpiresByType text/xml "access plus 0 seconds"
# Favicon (cannot be renamed!)
ExpiresByType image/x-icon "access plus 1 week"
# HTML components (HTCs)
ExpiresByType text/x-component "access plus 1 month"
# HTML
ExpiresByType text/html "access plus 0 seconds"
# JavaScript
ExpiresByType application/javascript "access plus 1 year"
# Manifest files
ExpiresByType application/x-web-app-manifest+json "access plus 0 seconds"
ExpiresByType text/cache-manifest "access plus 0 seconds"
# Media
ExpiresByType audio/ogg "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType video/mp4 "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType video/ogg "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType video/webm "access plus 1 month"
# Web feeds
ExpiresByType application/atom+xml "access plus 1 hour"
ExpiresByType application/rss+xml "access plus 1 hour"
# Web fonts
ExpiresByType application/font-woff2 "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType application/font-woff "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-fontobject "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType application/x-font-ttf "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType font/opentype "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType image/svg+xml "access plus 1 month"
</IfModule>
```
### Turn eTags Off
By removing the `ETag` header, you disable caches and browsers from being able to validate files, so they are forced to rely on your `Cache-Control` and `Expires` header. [Source](http://www.askapache.com/htaccess/apache-speed-etags.html)
Sometimes you want to force the browser to download some content instead of displaying it.
``` apacheconf
<Files*.md>
ForceType application/octet-stream
Header set Content-Disposition attachment
</Files>
```
Now there is a yang to this yin:
### Prevent Downloading
Sometimes you want to force the browser to display some content instead of downloading it.
``` apacheconf
<FilesMatch"\.(tex|log|aux)$">
Header set Content-Type text/plain
</FilesMatch>
```
### Allow Cross-Domain Fonts
CDN-served webfonts might not work in Firefox or IE due to [CORS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-origin_resource_sharing). This snippet solves the problem.
If you’re on a shared host, chances are there are more than one version of PHP installed, and sometimes you want a specific version for your website. The following snippet should switch the PHP version for you.
``` apacheconf
AddHandler application/x-httpd-php56 .php
# Alternatively, you can use AddType
AddType application/x-httpd-php56 .php
```
### Disable Internet Explorer Compatibility View
Compatibility View in IE may affect how some websites are displayed. The following snippet should force IE to use the Edge Rendering Engine and disable the Compatibility View.
``` apacheconf
<IfModulemod_headers.c>
BrowserMatch MSIE is-msie
Header set X-UA-Compatible IE=edge env=is-msie
</IfModule>
```
### Serve WebP Images
If [WebP images](https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/?csw=1) are supported and an image with a .webp extension and the same name is found at the same place as the jpg/png image that is going to be served, then the WebP image is served instead.
