Update sponsors.md

Add --format to help in README

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yaml

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ body:
         Please check out the [troubleshooting section](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd#troubleshooting) first.
   - type: checkboxes
     attributes:
+      label: Checks
       options:
         - label: I have read the troubleshooting section and still think this is a bug.
           required: true

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -4,3 +4,7 @@ updates:
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "monthly"
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "daily"

.github/workflows/CICD.yml

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 name: CICD
 
 env:
-  MIN_SUPPORTED_RUST_VERSION: "1.54.0"
   CICD_INTERMEDIATES_DIR: "_cicd-intermediates"
+  MSRV_FEATURES: "--all-features"
 
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
@@ -14,79 +14,90 @@ on:
       - '*'
 
 jobs:
-  code_quality:
-    name: Code quality
+  crate_metadata:
+    name: Extract crate metadata
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Extract crate information
+      id: crate_metadata
+      run: |
+        echo "name=fd" | tee -a $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        cargo metadata --no-deps --format-version 1 | jq -r '"version=" + .packages[0].version' | tee -a $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        cargo metadata --no-deps --format-version 1 | jq -r '"maintainer=" + .packages[0].authors[0]' | tee -a $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        cargo metadata --no-deps --format-version 1 | jq -r '"homepage=" + .packages[0].homepage' | tee -a $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        cargo metadata --no-deps --format-version 1 | jq -r '"msrv=" + .packages[0].rust_version' | tee -a $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+    outputs:
+      name: ${{ steps.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}
+      version: ${{ steps.crate_metadata.outputs.version }}
+      maintainer: ${{ steps.crate_metadata.outputs.maintainer }}
+      homepage: ${{ steps.crate_metadata.outputs.homepage }}
+      msrv: ${{ steps.crate_metadata.outputs.msrv }}
+
+  ensure_cargo_fmt:
+    name: Ensure 'cargo fmt' has been run
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     steps:
-    - name: Checkout source code
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - name: Install rust toolchain
-      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+    - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
       with:
-        toolchain: stable
-        default: true
-        profile: minimal # minimal component installation (ie, no documentation)
-        components: clippy, rustfmt
-    - name: Ensure `cargo fmt` has been run
-      uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        components: rustfmt
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - run: cargo fmt -- --check
+
+  lint_check:
+    name: Ensure 'cargo clippy' has no warnings
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
       with:
-        command: fmt
-        args: -- --check
-    - name: Ensure MSRV is set in `clippy.toml`
-      run: grep "^msrv = \"${{ env.MIN_SUPPORTED_RUST_VERSION }}\"\$" clippy.toml
-    - name: Run clippy
-      uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-      with:
-        command: clippy
-        args: --locked --all-targets --all-features
+        components: clippy
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - run: cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -Dwarnings
 
   min_version:
     name: Minimum supported rust version
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    needs: crate_metadata
     steps:
     - name: Checkout source code
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-    - name: Install rust toolchain (v${{ env.MIN_SUPPORTED_RUST_VERSION }})
-      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+    - name: Install rust toolchain (v${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.msrv }})
+      uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
       with:
-        toolchain: ${{ env.MIN_SUPPORTED_RUST_VERSION }}
-        default: true
+        toolchain: ${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.msrv }}
         components: clippy
     - name: Run clippy (on minimum supported rust version to prevent warnings we can't fix)
-      uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-      with:
-        command: clippy
-        args: --locked --all-targets --all-features
-        profile: minimal # minimal component installation (ie, no documentation)
+      run: cargo clippy --locked --all-targets ${{ env.MSRV_FEATURES }}
     - name: Run tests
-      uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-      with:
-        command: test
-        args: --locked
+      run: cargo test --locked ${{ env.MSRV_FEATURES }}
 
   build:
-    name: ${{ matrix.job.os }} (${{ matrix.job.target }})
+    name: ${{ matrix.job.target }} (${{ matrix.job.os }})
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.job.os }}
+    needs: crate_metadata
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         job:
-          - { os: ubuntu-20.04, target: arm-unknown-linux-gnueabihf , use-cross: true }
-          - { os: ubuntu-20.04, target: arm-unknown-linux-musleabihf, use-cross: true }
-          - { os: ubuntu-20.04, target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu   , use-cross: true }
-          - { os: ubuntu-20.04, target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu      , use-cross: true }
-          - { os: ubuntu-20.04, target: i686-unknown-linux-musl     , use-cross: true }
-          - { os: ubuntu-20.04, target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu    }
-          - { os: ubuntu-20.04, target: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl   , use-cross: true }
-          - { os: macos-10.15 , target: x86_64-apple-darwin         }
-          # - { os: windows-2019, target: i686-pc-windows-gnu         }  ## disabled; error: linker `i686-w64-mingw32-gcc` not found
-          - { os: windows-2019, target: i686-pc-windows-msvc        }
-          - { os: windows-2019, target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu       }
-          - { os: windows-2019, target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc      }
+          - { target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu   , os: ubuntu-20.04, use-cross: true }
+          - { target: aarch64-unknown-linux-musl  , os: ubuntu-20.04, use-cross: true }
+          - { target: arm-unknown-linux-gnueabihf , os: ubuntu-20.04, use-cross: true }
+          - { target: arm-unknown-linux-musleabihf, os: ubuntu-20.04, use-cross: true }
+          - { target: i686-pc-windows-msvc        , os: windows-2019                  }
+          - { target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu      , os: ubuntu-20.04, use-cross: true }
+          - { target: i686-unknown-linux-musl     , os: ubuntu-20.04, use-cross: true }
+          - { target: x86_64-apple-darwin         , os: macos-12                      }
+          - { target: aarch64-apple-darwin        , os: macos-14                      }
+          - { target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu       , os: windows-2019                  }
+          - { target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc      , os: windows-2019                  }
+          - { target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu    , os: ubuntu-20.04, use-cross: true }
+          - { target: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl   , os: ubuntu-20.04, use-cross: true }
+    env:
+      BUILD_CMD: cargo
     steps:
     - name: Checkout source code
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
     - name: Install prerequisites
       shell: bash
@@ -96,21 +107,21 @@ jobs:
           aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu) sudo apt-get -y update ; sudo apt-get -y install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu ;;
         esac
 
-    - name: Extract crate information
-      shell: bash
-      run: |
-        echo "PROJECT_NAME=fd" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-        echo "PROJECT_VERSION=$(sed -n 's/^version = "\(.*\)"/\1/p' Cargo.toml | head -n1)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-        echo "PROJECT_MAINTAINER=$(sed -n 's/^authors = \["\(.*\)"\]/\1/p' Cargo.toml)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-        echo "PROJECT_HOMEPAGE=$(sed -n 's/^homepage = "\(.*\)"/\1/p' Cargo.toml)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-
     - name: Install Rust toolchain
-      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
       with:
-        toolchain: stable
-        target: ${{ matrix.job.target }}
-        override: true
-        profile: minimal # minimal component installation (ie, no documentation)
+        targets: ${{ matrix.job.target }}
+
+    - name: Install cross
+      if: matrix.job.use-cross
+      uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
+      with:
+        tool: cross
+
+    - name: Overwrite build command env variable
+      if: matrix.job.use-cross
+      shell: bash
+      run: echo "BUILD_CMD=cross" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
     - name: Show version information (Rust, cargo, GCC)
       shell: bash
@@ -123,14 +134,11 @@ jobs:
         rustc -V
 
     - name: Build
-      uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-      with:
-        use-cross: ${{ matrix.job.use-cross }}
-        command: build
-        args: --locked --release --target=${{ matrix.job.target }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: $BUILD_CMD build --locked --release --target=${{ matrix.job.target }}
 
-    - name: Strip debug information from executable
-      id: strip
+    - name: Set binary name & path
+      id: bin
       shell: bash
       run: |
         # Figure out suffix of binary
@@ -139,31 +147,13 @@ jobs:
           *-pc-windows-*) EXE_suffix=".exe" ;;
         esac;
 
-        # Figure out what strip tool to use if any
-        STRIP="strip"
-        case ${{ matrix.job.target }} in
-          arm-unknown-linux-*) STRIP="arm-linux-gnueabihf-strip" ;;
-          aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu) STRIP="aarch64-linux-gnu-strip" ;;
-          *-pc-windows-msvc) STRIP="" ;;
-        esac;
-
         # Setup paths
-        BIN_DIR="${{ env.CICD_INTERMEDIATES_DIR }}/stripped-release-bin/"
-        mkdir -p "${BIN_DIR}"
-        BIN_NAME="${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}${EXE_suffix}"
-        BIN_PATH="${BIN_DIR}/${BIN_NAME}"
+        BIN_NAME="${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}${EXE_suffix}"
+        BIN_PATH="target/${{ matrix.job.target }}/release/${BIN_NAME}"
 
-        # Copy the release build binary to the result location
-        cp "target/${{ matrix.job.target }}/release/${BIN_NAME}" "${BIN_DIR}"
-
-        # Also strip if possible
-        if [ -n "${STRIP}" ]; then
-          "${STRIP}" "${BIN_PATH}"
-        fi
-
-        # Let subsequent steps know where to find the (stripped) bin
-        echo ::set-output name=BIN_PATH::${BIN_PATH}
-        echo ::set-output name=BIN_NAME::${BIN_NAME}
+        # Let subsequent steps know where to find the binary
+        echo "BIN_PATH=${BIN_PATH}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        echo "BIN_NAME=${BIN_NAME}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
     - name: Set testing options
       id: test-options
@@ -171,44 +161,42 @@ jobs:
       run: |
         # test only library unit tests and binary for arm-type targets
         unset CARGO_TEST_OPTIONS
-        unset CARGO_TEST_OPTIONS ; case ${{ matrix.job.target }} in arm-* | aarch64-*) CARGO_TEST_OPTIONS="--bin ${PROJECT_NAME}" ;; esac;
-        echo ::set-output name=CARGO_TEST_OPTIONS::${CARGO_TEST_OPTIONS}
+        unset CARGO_TEST_OPTIONS ; case ${{ matrix.job.target }} in arm-* | aarch64-*) CARGO_TEST_OPTIONS="--bin ${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}" ;; esac;
+        echo "CARGO_TEST_OPTIONS=${CARGO_TEST_OPTIONS}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
     - name: Run tests
-      uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-      with:
-        use-cross: ${{ matrix.job.use-cross }}
-        command: test
-        args: --locked --target=${{ matrix.job.target }} ${{ steps.test-options.outputs.CARGO_TEST_OPTIONS}}
+      shell: bash
+      run: $BUILD_CMD test --locked --target=${{ matrix.job.target }} ${{ steps.test-options.outputs.CARGO_TEST_OPTIONS}}
+
+    - name: Generate completions
+      id: completions
+      shell: bash
+      run: make completions
 
     - name: Create tarball
       id: package
       shell: bash
       run: |
         PKG_suffix=".tar.gz" ; case ${{ matrix.job.target }} in *-pc-windows-*) PKG_suffix=".zip" ;; esac;
-        PKG_BASENAME=${PROJECT_NAME}-v${PROJECT_VERSION}-${{ matrix.job.target }}
+        PKG_BASENAME=${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}-v${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.version }}-${{ matrix.job.target }}
         PKG_NAME=${PKG_BASENAME}${PKG_suffix}
-        echo ::set-output name=PKG_NAME::${PKG_NAME}
+        echo "PKG_NAME=${PKG_NAME}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
         PKG_STAGING="${{ env.CICD_INTERMEDIATES_DIR }}/package"
         ARCHIVE_DIR="${PKG_STAGING}/${PKG_BASENAME}/"
         mkdir -p "${ARCHIVE_DIR}"
-        mkdir -p "${ARCHIVE_DIR}/autocomplete"
 
         # Binary
-        cp "${{ steps.strip.outputs.BIN_PATH }}" "$ARCHIVE_DIR"
-
-        # Man page
-        cp 'doc/${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}.1' "$ARCHIVE_DIR"
+        cp "${{ steps.bin.outputs.BIN_PATH }}" "$ARCHIVE_DIR"
 
         # README, LICENSE and CHANGELOG files
         cp "README.md" "LICENSE-MIT" "LICENSE-APACHE" "CHANGELOG.md" "$ARCHIVE_DIR"
 
+        # Man page
+        cp 'doc/${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}.1' "$ARCHIVE_DIR"
+
         # Autocompletion files
-        cp 'target/${{ matrix.job.target }}/release/build/${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}'*/out/'${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}.bash' "$ARCHIVE_DIR/autocomplete/"
-        cp 'target/${{ matrix.job.target }}/release/build/${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}'*/out/'${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}.fish' "$ARCHIVE_DIR/autocomplete/"
-        cp 'target/${{ matrix.job.target }}/release/build/${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}'*/out/'_${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}.ps1' "$ARCHIVE_DIR/autocomplete/"
-        cp 'contrib/completion/_fd' "$ARCHIVE_DIR/autocomplete/"
+        cp -r autocomplete "${ARCHIVE_DIR}"
 
         # base compressed package
         pushd "${PKG_STAGING}/" >/dev/null
@@ -219,7 +207,7 @@ jobs:
         popd >/dev/null
 
         # Let subsequent steps know where to find the compressed package
-        echo ::set-output name=PKG_PATH::"${PKG_STAGING}/${PKG_NAME}"
+        echo "PKG_PATH=${PKG_STAGING}/${PKG_NAME}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
     - name: Create Debian package
       id: debian-package
@@ -231,10 +219,10 @@ jobs:
         DPKG_DIR="${DPKG_STAGING}/dpkg"
         mkdir -p "${DPKG_DIR}"
 
-        DPKG_BASENAME=${PROJECT_NAME}
-        DPKG_CONFLICTS=${PROJECT_NAME}-musl
-        case ${{ matrix.job.target }} in *-musl) DPKG_BASENAME=${PROJECT_NAME}-musl ; DPKG_CONFLICTS=${PROJECT_NAME} ;; esac;
-        DPKG_VERSION=${PROJECT_VERSION}
+        DPKG_BASENAME=${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}
+        DPKG_CONFLICTS=${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}-musl
+        case ${{ matrix.job.target }} in *-musl*) DPKG_BASENAME=${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}-musl ; DPKG_CONFLICTS=${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }} ;; esac;
+        DPKG_VERSION=${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.version }}
 
         unset DPKG_ARCH
         case ${{ matrix.job.target }} in
@@ -246,19 +234,19 @@ jobs:
         esac;
 
         DPKG_NAME="${DPKG_BASENAME}_${DPKG_VERSION}_${DPKG_ARCH}.deb"
-        echo ::set-output name=DPKG_NAME::${DPKG_NAME}
+        echo "DPKG_NAME=${DPKG_NAME}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
         # Binary
-        install -Dm755 "${{ steps.strip.outputs.BIN_PATH }}" "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/bin/${{ steps.strip.outputs.BIN_NAME }}"
+        install -Dm755 "${{ steps.bin.outputs.BIN_PATH }}" "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/bin/${{ steps.bin.outputs.BIN_NAME }}"
 
         # Man page
-        install -Dm644 'doc/${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}.1' "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/share/man/man1/${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}.1"
-        gzip -n --best "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/share/man/man1/${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}.1"
+        install -Dm644 'doc/${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}.1' "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/share/man/man1/${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}.1"
+        gzip -n --best "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/share/man/man1/${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}.1"
 
         # Autocompletion files
-        install -Dm644 'target/${{ matrix.job.target }}/release/build/${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}'*/out/'${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}.bash' "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/share/bash-completion/completions/${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}"
-        install -Dm644 'target/${{ matrix.job.target }}/release/build/${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}'*/out/'${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}.fish' "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/share/fish/vendor_completions.d/${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}.fish"
-        install -Dm644 'contrib/completion/_fd' "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/share/zsh/vendor-completions/_${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}"
+        install -Dm644 'autocomplete/fd.bash' "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/share/bash-completion/completions/${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}"
+        install -Dm644 'autocomplete/fd.fish' "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/share/fish/vendor_completions.d/${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}.fish"
+        install -Dm644 'autocomplete/_fd' "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/share/zsh/vendor-completions/_${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}"
 
         # README and LICENSE
         install -Dm644 "README.md" "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/share/doc/${DPKG_BASENAME}/README.md"
@@ -269,12 +257,12 @@ jobs:
 
         cat > "${DPKG_DIR}/usr/share/doc/${DPKG_BASENAME}/copyright" <<EOF
         Format: http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/
-        Upstream-Name: ${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}
-        Source: ${{ env.PROJECT_HOMEPAGE }}
+        Upstream-Name: ${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}
+        Source: ${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.homepage }}
 
         Files: *
-        Copyright: ${{ env.PROJECT_MAINTAINER }}
-        Copyright: $COPYRIGHT_YEARS ${{ env.PROJECT_MAINTAINER }}
+        Copyright: ${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.maintainer }}
+        Copyright: $COPYRIGHT_YEARS ${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.maintainer }}
         License: Apache-2.0 or MIT
 
         License: Apache-2.0
@@ -315,10 +303,10 @@ jobs:
         Version: ${DPKG_VERSION}
         Section: utils
         Priority: optional
-        Maintainer: ${{ env.PROJECT_MAINTAINER }}
-        Homepage: ${{ env.PROJECT_HOMEPAGE }}
+        Maintainer: ${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.maintainer }}
+        Homepage: ${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.homepage }}
         Architecture: ${DPKG_ARCH}
-        Provides: ${{ env.PROJECT_NAME }}
+        Provides: ${{ needs.crate_metadata.outputs.name }}
         Conflicts: ${DPKG_CONFLICTS}
         Description: simple, fast and user-friendly alternative to find
           fd is a program to find entries in your filesystem.
@@ -328,7 +316,7 @@ jobs:
         EOF
 
         DPKG_PATH="${DPKG_STAGING}/${DPKG_NAME}"
-        echo ::set-output name=DPKG_PATH::${DPKG_PATH}
+        echo "DPKG_PATH=${DPKG_PATH}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
         # build dpkg
         fakeroot dpkg-deb --build "${DPKG_DIR}" "${DPKG_PATH}"
@@ -351,10 +339,10 @@ jobs:
       shell: bash
       run: |
         unset IS_RELEASE ; if [[ $GITHUB_REF =~ ^refs/tags/v[0-9].* ]]; then IS_RELEASE='true' ; fi
-        echo ::set-output name=IS_RELEASE::${IS_RELEASE}
+        echo "IS_RELEASE=${IS_RELEASE}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
     - name: Publish archives and packages
-      uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v1
+      uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
       if: steps.is-release.outputs.IS_RELEASE
       with:
         files: |
@@ -362,3 +350,15 @@ jobs:
           ${{ steps.debian-package.outputs.DPKG_PATH }}
       env:
         GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+  winget:
+    name: Publish to Winget
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: build
+    if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
+    steps:
+      - uses: vedantmgoyal2009/winget-releaser@v2
+        with:
+          identifier: sharkdp.fd
+          installers-regex: '-pc-windows-msvc\.zip$'
+          token: ${{ secrets.WINGET_TOKEN }}

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 target/
+/autocomplete/
 **/*.rs.bk

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,20 +1,202 @@
-# Upcoming release
-
-## Performance improvements
-
+# 10.1.0
 
 ## Features
 
+- Allow passing an optional argument to `--strip-cwd-prefix` of "always", "never", or "auto". to force whether the cwd prefix is stripped or not.
+- Add a `--format` option which allows using a format template for direct ouput similar to the template used for `--exec`. (#1043)
 
 ## Bugfixes
+- Fix aarch64 page size again. This time it should actually work. (#1085, #1549) (@tavianator)
+
+
+## Other
+
+- aarch64-apple-darwin target added to builds on the release page. Note that this is a tier 2 rust target.
+
+# v10.0.0
+
+## Features
+
+- Add `dir` as an alias to `directory` when using `-t` \ `--type`, see #1460 and #1464 (@Ato2207).
+- Add support for @%s date format in time filters similar to GNU date (seconds since Unix epoch for --older/--newer), see #1493 (@nabellows)
+- Breaking: No longer automatically ignore `.git` when using `--hidden` with vcs ignore enabled. This reverts the change in v9.0.0. While this feature
+  was often useful, it also broke some existing workflows, and there wasn't a good way to opt out of it. And there isn't really a good way for us to add
+  a way to opt out of it. And you can easily get similar behavior by adding `.git/` to your global fdignore file.
+    See #1457.
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Respect NO_COLOR environment variable with `--list-details` option. (#1455)
+- Fix bug that would cause hidden files to be included despite gitignore rules
+  if search path is "." (#1461, BurntSushi/ripgrep#2711).
+- aarch64 builds now use 64k page sizes with jemalloc. This fixes issues on some systems, such as ARM Macs that
+  have a larger system page size than the system that the binary was built on. (#1547)
+- Address [CVE-2024-24576](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2024/04/09/cve-2024-24576.html), by increasing minimum rust version.
+
+
+## Changes
+- Minimum supported rust version is now 1.77.2
+
+
+# v9.0.0
+
+## Performance
+
+- Performance has been *significantly improved*, both due to optimizations in the underlying `ignore`
+  crate (#1429), and in `fd` itself (#1422, #1408, #1362) - @tavianator.
+  [Benchmarks results](https://gist.github.com/tavianator/32edbe052f33ef60570cf5456b59de81) show gains
+  of 6-8x for full traversals of smaller directories (100k files) and up to 13x for larger directories (1M files).
+
+- The default number of threads is now constrained to be at most 64. This should improve startup time on
+  systems with many CPU cores. (#1203, #1410, #1412, #1431) - @tmccombs and @tavianator
+
+- New flushing behavior when writing output to stdout, providing better performance for TTY and non-TTY
+  use cases, see #1452 and #1313 (@tavianator).
+
+## Features
+
+- Support character and block device file types, see #1213 and #1336 (@cgzones)
+- Breaking: `.git/` is now ignored by default when using `--hidden` / `-H`, use `--no-ignore` / `-I` or
+  `--no-ignore-vcs` to override, see #1387 and #1396 (@skoriop)
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Fix `NO_COLOR` support, see #1421 (@acuteenvy)
+
+## Other
+
+- Fixed documentation typos, see #1409 (@marcospb19)
+
+## Thanks
+
+Special thanks to @tavianator for his incredible work on performance in the `ignore` crate and `fd` itself.
+
+
+
+# v8.7.1
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- `-1` properly conflicts with the exec family of options.
+- `--max-results` overrides `-1`
+- `--quiet` properly conflicts with the exec family of options. This used to be the case, but broke during the switch to clap-derive
+- `--changed-within` now accepts a space as well as a "T" as the separator between date and time (due to update of chrono dependency)
+
+## Other
+- Many dependencies were updated
+- Some documentation was updated and fixed
+
+# v8.7.0
+
+## Features
+
+- Add flag --no-require-git to always respect gitignore files, see #1216 (@vegerot)
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Fix logic for when to use global ignore file. There was a bug where the only case where the
+  global ignore file wasn't processed was if `--no-ignore` was passed, but neither `--unrestricted`
+  nor `--no-global-ignore-file` is passed. See #1209
+
+# v8.6.0
+
+## Features
+
+- New `--and <pattern>` option to add additional patterns that must also be matched. See #315
+  and #1139 (@Uthar)
+- Added `--changed-after` as alias for `--changed-within`, to have a name consistent with `--changed-before`.
 
 
 ## Changes
 
+- Breaking: On Unix-like systems, `--type executable` now additionally checks if
+  the file is executable by the current user, see #1106 and #1169 (@ptipiak)
+
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Use fd instead of fd.exe for Powershell completions (when completions are generated on windows)
+
 
 ## Other
 
 
+# v8.5.3
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Fix completion generation to not include full path of fd command
+- Fix build error if completions feature is disabled
+
+# v8.5.2
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Fix --owner option value parsing, see #1163 and #1164 (@tmccombs)
+
+
+# v8.5.1
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Fix --threads/-j option value parsing, see #1160 and #1162 (@sharkdp)
+
+
+# v8.5.0
+
+## Features
+
+- `--type executable`/`-t` now works on Windows, see #1051 and #1061 (@tavianator)
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Fixed differences between piped / non-piped output. This changes `fd`s behavior back to what we
+  had before 8.3.0, i.e. there will be no leading `./` prefixes, unless `--exec`/`-x`,
+  `--exec-batch`/`-X`, or `--print0`/`-0` are used. `--strip-cwd-prefix` can be used to strip that
+  prefix in those cases. See #1046, #1115, and #1121 (@tavianator)
+- `fd` could previously crash with a panic due to a race condition in Rusts standard library
+  (see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/39364). This has been fixed by switching to a different
+  message passing implementation, see #1060 and #1146 (@tavianator)
+- `fd`s memory usage will not grow unboundedly on huge directory trees, see #1146 (@tavianator)
+- fd returns an error when current working directory does not exist while a search path is
+  specified, see #1072 (@vijfhoek)
+- Improved "command not found" error message, see #1083 and #1109 (@themkat)
+- Preserve command exit codes when using `--exec-batch`, see #1136 and #1137 (@amesgen)
+
+## Changes
+
+- No leading `./` prefix for non-interactive results, see above.
+- fd now colorizes paths in parallel, significantly improving performance, see #1148 (@tavianator)
+- fd can now avoid `stat` syscalls even when colorizing paths, as long as the color scheme doesn't
+  require metadata, see #1148 (@tavianator)
+- The statically linked `musl` versions of `fd` now use `jmalloc`, leading to a significant performance
+  improvement, see #1062 (@tavianator)
+
+## Other
+
+- Added link back to GitHub in man page and `--help` text, see #1086 (@scottchiefbaker)
+- Major update in how `fd` handles command line options internally, see #1067 (@tmccombs)
+
+# v8.4.0
+
+## Features
+
+- Support multiple `--exec <cmd>` instances, see #406 and #960 (@tmccombs)
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- "Argument list too long" errors can not appear anymore when using `--exec-batch`/`-X`, as the command invocations are automatically batched at the maximum possible size, even if `--batch-size` is not given. See #410 and #1020 (@tavianator)
+
+## Changes
+
+- Directories are now printed with an additional path separator at the end: `foo/bar/`, see #436 and #812 (@yyogo)
+- The `-u` flag was changed to be equivalent to `-HI` (previously, a single `-u` was only equivalent to `-I`). Additional `-u` flags are still allowed, but ignored. See #840 and #986 (@jacksontheel)
+
+## Other
+
+- Added installation instructions for RHEL8, see #989 (@ethsol)
+
+
 # v8.3.2
 
 ## Bugfixes

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ give us the chance to discuss any potential changes first.
 ## Add an entry to the changelog
 
 If your contribution changes the behavior of `fd` (as opposed to a typo-fix
-in the documentation), please update the [`CHANGELOG.md`](CHANGELOG.md) file
+in the documentation), please update the [`CHANGELOG.md`](CHANGELOG.md#upcoming-release) file
 and describe your changes. This makes the release process much easier and
 therefore helps to get your changes into a new `fd` release faster.
 
-The top of the `CHANGELOG` contains a *"unreleased"* section with a few
+The top of the `CHANGELOG` contains an *"Upcoming release"* section with a few
 subsections (Features, Bugfixes, …). Please add your entry to the subsection
 that best describes your change.
 

Cargo.toml

@@ -12,12 +12,13 @@ keywords = [
     "filesystem",
     "tool",
 ]
-license = "MIT/Apache-2.0"
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 name = "fd-find"
 readme = "README.md"
 repository = "https://github.com/sharkdp/fd"
-version = "8.3.2"
-edition= "2018"
+version = "10.1.0"
+edition= "2021"
+rust-version = "1.77.2"
 
 [badges.appveyor]
 repository = "sharkdp/fd"
@@ -30,34 +31,41 @@ name = "fd"
 path = "src/main.rs"
 
 [build-dependencies]
-clap = "3.0"
-clap_complete = "3.0"
 version_check = "0.9"
 
 [dependencies]
-ansi_term = "0.12"
-atty = "0.2"
-ignore = "0.4.3"
-num_cpus = "1.13"
-regex = "1.5.4"
-regex-syntax = "0.6"
+aho-corasick = "1.1"
+nu-ansi-term = "0.50"
+argmax = "0.3.1"
+ignore = "0.4.22"
+regex = "1.10.3"
+regex-syntax = "0.8"
 ctrlc = "3.2"
 humantime = "2.1"
-lscolors = "0.8"
 globset = "0.4"
 anyhow = "1.0"
-dirs-next = "2.0"
-normpath = "0.3.2"
-chrono = "0.4"
-once_cell = "1.9.0"
+etcetera = "0.8"
+normpath = "1.1.1"
+crossbeam-channel = "0.5.12"
+clap_complete = {version = "4.4.9", optional = true}
+faccess = "0.2.4"
 
 [dependencies.clap]
-version = "3.0"
-features = ["suggestions", "color", "wrap_help", "cargo"]
+version = "4.4.13"
+features = ["suggestions", "color", "wrap_help", "cargo", "derive"]
+
+[dependencies.chrono]
+version = "0.4.38"
+default-features = false
+features = ["std", "clock"]
+
+[dependencies.lscolors]
+version = "0.17"
+default-features = false
+features = ["nu-ansi-term"]
 
 [target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
-users = "0.11.0"
-nix = "0.23.1"
+nix = { version = "0.28.0", default-features = false, features = ["signal", "user"] }
 
 [target.'cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))'.dependencies]
 libc = "0.2"
@@ -65,19 +73,22 @@ libc = "0.2"
 # FIXME: Re-enable jemalloc on macOS
 # jemalloc is currently disabled on macOS due to a bug in jemalloc in combination with macOS
 # Catalina. See https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/issues/498 for details.
-[target.'cfg(all(not(windows), not(target_os = "android"), not(target_os = "macos"), not(target_os = "freebsd"), not(target_env = "musl"), not(target_arch = "riscv64")))'.dependencies]
-jemallocator = {version = "0.3.0", optional = true}
+[target.'cfg(all(not(windows), not(target_os = "android"), not(target_os = "macos"), not(target_os = "freebsd"), not(target_os = "openbsd"), not(all(target_env = "musl", target_pointer_width = "32")), not(target_arch = "riscv64")))'.dependencies]
+jemallocator = {version = "0.5.4", optional = true}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 diff = "0.1"
-tempdir = "0.3"
+tempfile = "3.10"
 filetime = "0.2"
-test-case = "1.2"
+test-case = "3.3"
 
 [profile.release]
 lto = true
+strip = true
 codegen-units = 1
 
 [features]
 use-jemalloc = ["jemallocator"]
-default = ["use-jemalloc"]
+completions = ["clap_complete"]
+base = ["use-jemalloc"]
+default = ["use-jemalloc", "completions"]

Cross.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/issues/1085
+[target.aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu.env]
+passthrough = ["JEMALLOC_SYS_WITH_LG_PAGE=16"]
+
+[target.aarch64-unknown-linux-musl.env]
+passthrough = ["JEMALLOC_SYS_WITH_LG_PAGE=16"]

LICENSE-MIT

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 MIT License
 
-Copyright (c) 2017-2021 The fd developers
+Copyright (c) 2017-present The fd developers
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+PROFILE=release
+EXE=target/$(PROFILE)/fd
+prefix=/usr/local
+bindir=$(prefix)/bin
+datadir=$(prefix)/share
+exe_name=fd
+
+$(EXE): Cargo.toml src/**/*.rs
+	cargo build --profile $(PROFILE) --locked
+
+.PHONY: completions
+completions: autocomplete/fd.bash autocomplete/fd.fish autocomplete/fd.ps1 autocomplete/_fd
+
+comp_dir=@mkdir -p autocomplete
+
+autocomplete/fd.bash: $(EXE)
+	$(comp_dir)
+	$(EXE) --gen-completions bash > $@
+
+autocomplete/fd.fish: $(EXE)
+	$(comp_dir)
+	$(EXE) --gen-completions fish > $@
+
+autocomplete/fd.ps1: $(EXE)
+	$(comp_dir)
+	$(EXE) --gen-completions powershell > $@
+
+autocomplete/_fd: contrib/completion/_fd
+	$(comp_dir)
+	cp $< $@
+
+install: $(EXE) completions
+	install -Dm755 $(EXE) $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/fd
+	install -Dm644 autocomplete/fd.bash $(DESTDIR)/$(datadir)/bash-completion/completions/$(exe_name)
+	install -Dm644 autocomplete/fd.fish $(DESTDIR)/$(datadir)/fish/vendor_completions.d/$(exe_name).fish
+	install -Dm644 autocomplete/_fd $(DESTDIR)/$(datadir)/zsh/site-functions/_$(exe_name)
+	install -Dm644 doc/fd.1 $(DESTDIR)/$(datadir)/man/man1/$(exe_name).1

README.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 [![CICD](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/actions/workflows/CICD.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/actions/workflows/CICD.yml)
 [![Version info](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/fd-find.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/fd-find)
-[[中文](https://github.com/chinanf-boy/fd-zh)]
+[[中文](https://github.com/cha0ran/fd-zh)]
 [[한국어](https://github.com/spearkkk/fd-kor)]
 
 `fd` is a program to find entries in your filesystem.
@@ -10,17 +10,14 @@ It is a simple, fast and user-friendly alternative to [`find`](https://www.gnu.o
 While it does not aim to support all of `find`'s powerful functionality, it provides sensible
 (opinionated) defaults for a majority of use cases.
 
-Quick links:
-* [How to use](#how-to-use)
-* [Installation](#installation)
-* [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting)
+[Installation](#installation) • [How to use](#how-to-use) • [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting)
 
 ## Features
 
 * Intuitive syntax: `fd PATTERN` instead of `find -iname '*PATTERN*'`.
 * Regular expression (default) and glob-based patterns.
 * [Very fast](#benchmark) due to parallelized directory traversal.
-* Uses colors to highlight different file types (same as *ls*).
+* Uses colors to highlight different file types (same as `ls`).
 * Supports [parallel command execution](#command-execution)
 * Smart case: the search is case-insensitive by default. It switches to
   case-sensitive if the pattern contains an uppercase
@@ -143,7 +140,7 @@ target/debug/deps/libnum_cpus-f5ce7ef99006aa05.rlib
 ```
 
 To really search *all* files and directories, simply combine the hidden and ignore features to show
-everything (`-HI`).
+everything (`-HI`) or use `-u`/`--unrestricted`.
 
 ### Matching the full path
 By default, *fd* only matches the filename of each file. However, using the `--full-path` or `-p` option,
@@ -206,6 +203,13 @@ fd -e jpg -x convert {} {.}.png
 Here, `{}` is a placeholder for the search result. `{.}` is the same, without the file extension.
 See below for more details on the placeholder syntax.
 
+The terminal output of commands run from parallel threads using `-x` will not be interlaced or garbled,
+so `fd -x` can be used to rudimentarily parallelize a task run over many files.
+An example of this is calculating the checksum of each individual file within a directory.
+```
+fd -tf -x md5sum > file_checksums.txt
+```
+
 #### Placeholder syntax
 
 The `-x` and `-X` options take a *command template* as a series of arguments (instead of a single string).
@@ -254,12 +258,17 @@ To make exclude-patterns like these permanent, you can create a `.fdignore` file
 /mnt/external-drive
 *.bak
 ```
-Note: `fd` also supports `.ignore` files that are used by other programs such as `rg` or `ag`.
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> `fd` also supports `.ignore` files that are used by other programs such as `rg` or `ag`.
 
 If you want `fd` to ignore these patterns globally, you can put them in `fd`'s global ignore file.
 This is usually located in `~/.config/fd/ignore` in macOS or Linux, and `%APPDATA%\fd\ignore` in
 Windows.
 
+You may wish to include `.git/` in your `fd/ignore` file so that `.git` directories, and their contents
+are not included in output if you use the `--hidden` option.
+
 ### Deleting files
 
 You can use `fd` to remove all files and directories that are matched by your search pattern.
@@ -277,7 +286,8 @@ option:
 If you also want to remove a certain class of directories, you can use the same technique. You will
 have to use `rm`s `--recursive`/`-r` flag to remove directories.
 
-Note: there are scenarios where using `fd … -X rm -r` can cause race conditions: if you have a
+> [!NOTE]
+> There are scenarios where using `fd … -X rm -r` can cause race conditions: if you have a
 path like `…/foo/bar/foo/…` and want to remove all directories named `foo`, you can end up in a
 situation where the outer `foo` directory is removed first, leading to (harmless) *"'foo/bar/foo':
 No such file or directory"* errors in the `rm` call.
@@ -288,101 +298,94 @@ This is the output of `fd -h`. To see the full set of command-line options, use
 also includes a much more detailed help text.
 
 ```
-USAGE:
-    fd [FLAGS/OPTIONS] [<pattern>] [<path>...]
+Usage: fd [OPTIONS] [pattern] [path]...
 
-FLAGS:
-    -H, --hidden            Search hidden files and directories
-    -I, --no-ignore         Do not respect .(git|fd)ignore files
-    -s, --case-sensitive    Case-sensitive search (default: smart case)
-    -i, --ignore-case       Case-insensitive search (default: smart case)
-    -g, --glob              Glob-based search (default: regular expression)
-    -a, --absolute-path     Show absolute instead of relative paths
-    -l, --list-details      Use a long listing format with file metadata
-    -L, --follow            Follow symbolic links
-    -p, --full-path         Search full abs. path (default: filename only)
-    -h, --help              Prints help information
-    -V, --version           Prints version information
+Arguments:
+  [pattern]  the search pattern (a regular expression, unless '--glob' is used; optional)
+  [path]...  the root directories for the filesystem search (optional)
 
-OPTIONS:
-    -d, --max-depth <depth>            Set maximum search depth (default: none)
-    -t, --type <filetype>...           Filter by type: file (f), directory (d), symlink (l),
-                                       executable (x), empty (e), socket (s), pipe (p)
-    -e, --extension <ext>...           Filter by file extension
-    -x, --exec <cmd>                   Execute a command for each search result
-    -X, --exec-batch <cmd>             Execute a command with all search results at once
-    -E, --exclude <pattern>...         Exclude entries that match the given glob pattern
-    -c, --color <when>                 When to use colors: never, *auto*, always
-    -S, --size <size>...               Limit results based on the size of files
-        --changed-within <date|dur>    Filter by file modification time (newer than)
-        --changed-before <date|dur>    Filter by file modification time (older than)
-    -o, --owner <user:group>           Filter by owning user and/or group
-
-ARGS:
-    <pattern>    the search pattern (a regular expression, unless '--glob' is used; optional)
-    <path>...    the root directory for the filesystem search (optional)
+Options:
+  -H, --hidden                     Search hidden files and directories
+  -I, --no-ignore                  Do not respect .(git|fd)ignore files
+  -s, --case-sensitive             Case-sensitive search (default: smart case)
+  -i, --ignore-case                Case-insensitive search (default: smart case)
+  -g, --glob                       Glob-based search (default: regular expression)
+  -a, --absolute-path              Show absolute instead of relative paths
+  -l, --list-details               Use a long listing format with file metadata
+  -L, --follow                     Follow symbolic links
+  -p, --full-path                  Search full abs. path (default: filename only)
+  -d, --max-depth <depth>          Set maximum search depth (default: none)
+  -E, --exclude <pattern>          Exclude entries that match the given glob pattern
+  -t, --type <filetype>            Filter by type: file (f), directory (d/dir), symlink (l),
+                                   executable (x), empty (e), socket (s), pipe (p), char-device
+                                   (c), block-device (b)
+  -e, --extension <ext>            Filter by file extension
+  -S, --size <size>                Limit results based on the size of files
+      --changed-within <date|dur>  Filter by file modification time (newer than)
+      --changed-before <date|dur>  Filter by file modification time (older than)
+  -o, --owner <user:group>         Filter by owning user and/or group
+      --format <fmt>               Print results according to template
+  -x, --exec <cmd>...              Execute a command for each search result
+  -X, --exec-batch <cmd>...        Execute a command with all search results at once
+  -c, --color <when>               When to use colors [default: auto] [possible values: auto,
+                                   always, never]
+  -h, --help                       Print help (see more with '--help')
+  -V, --version                    Print version
 ```
 
 ## Benchmark
 
-Let's search my home folder for files that end in `[0-9].jpg`. It contains ~190.000
-subdirectories and about a million files. For averaging and statistical analysis, I'm using
+Let's search my home folder for files that end in `[0-9].jpg`. It contains ~750.000
+subdirectories and about a 4 million files. For averaging and statistical analysis, I'm using
 [hyperfine](https://github.com/sharkdp/hyperfine). The following benchmarks are performed
 with a "warm"/pre-filled disk-cache (results for a "cold" disk-cache show the same trends).
 
 Let's start with `find`:
 ```
-Benchmark #1: find ~ -iregex '.*[0-9]\.jpg$'
-
-  Time (mean ± σ):      7.236 s ±  0.090 s
-
-  Range (min … max):    7.133 s …  7.385 s
+Benchmark 1: find ~ -iregex '.*[0-9]\.jpg$'
+  Time (mean ± σ):     19.922 s ±  0.109 s
+  Range (min … max):   19.765 s … 20.065 s
 ```
 
 `find` is much faster if it does not need to perform a regular-expression search:
 ```
-Benchmark #2: find ~ -iname '*[0-9].jpg'
-
-  Time (mean ± σ):      3.914 s ±  0.027 s
-
-  Range (min … max):    3.876 s …  3.964 s
+Benchmark 2: find ~ -iname '*[0-9].jpg'
+  Time (mean ± σ):     11.226 s ±  0.104 s
+  Range (min … max):   11.119 s … 11.466 s
 ```
 
-Now let's try the same for `fd`. Note that `fd` *always* performs a regular expression
-search. The options `--hidden` and `--no-ignore` are needed for a fair comparison,
-otherwise `fd` does not have to traverse hidden folders and ignored paths (see below):
+Now let's try the same for `fd`. Note that `fd` performs a regular expression
+search by default. The options `-u`/`--unrestricted` option is needed here for
+a fair comparison. Otherwise `fd` does not have to traverse hidden folders and
+ignored paths (see below):
 ```
-Benchmark #3: fd -HI '.*[0-9]\.jpg$' ~
-
-  Time (mean ± σ):     811.6 ms ±  26.9 ms
-
-  Range (min … max):   786.0 ms … 870.7 ms
+Benchmark 3: fd -u '[0-9]\.jpg$' ~
+  Time (mean ± σ):     854.8 ms ±  10.0 ms
+  Range (min … max):   839.2 ms … 868.9 ms
 ```
-For this particular example, `fd` is approximately nine times faster than `find -iregex`
-and about five times faster than `find -iname`. By the way, both tools found the exact
-same 20880 files :smile:.
+For this particular example, `fd` is approximately **23 times faster** than `find -iregex`
+and about **13 times faster** than `find -iname`. By the way, both tools found the exact
+same 546 files :smile:.
 
-Finally, let's run `fd` without `--hidden` and `--no-ignore` (this can lead to different
-search results, of course). If *fd* does not have to traverse the hidden and git-ignored
-folders, it is almost an order of magnitude faster:
-```
-Benchmark #4: fd '[0-9]\.jpg$' ~
-
-  Time (mean ± σ):     123.7 ms ±   6.0 ms
-
-  Range (min … max):   118.8 ms … 140.0 ms
-```
-
-**Note**: This is *one particular* benchmark on *one particular* machine. While I have
-performed quite a lot of different tests (and found consistent results), things might
-be different for you! I encourage everyone to try it out on their own. See
+**Note**: This is *one particular* benchmark on *one particular* machine. While we have
+performed a lot of different tests (and found consistent results), things might
+be different for you! We encourage everyone to try it out on their own. See
 [this repository](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd-benchmarks) for all necessary scripts.
 
-Concerning *fd*'s speed, the main credit goes to the `regex` and `ignore` crates that are also used
-in [ripgrep](https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep) (check it out!).
+Concerning *fd*'s speed, a lot of credit goes to the `regex` and `ignore` crates that are
+also used in [ripgrep](https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep) (check it out!).
 
 ## Troubleshooting
 
+### `fd` does not find my file!
+
+Remember that `fd` ignores hidden directories and files by default. It also ignores patterns
+from `.gitignore` files. If you want to make sure to find absolutely every possible file, always
+use the options `-u`/`--unrestricted` option (or `-HI` to enable hidden and ignored files):
+``` bash
+> fd -u …
+```
+
 ### Colorized output
 
 `fd` can colorize files by extension, just like `ls`. In order for this to work, the environment
@@ -396,15 +399,6 @@ for alternative, more complete (or more colorful) variants, see [here](https://g
 
 `fd` also honors the [`NO_COLOR`](https://no-color.org/) environment variable.
 
-### `fd` does not find my file!
-
-Remember that `fd` ignores hidden directories and files by default. It also ignores patterns
-from `.gitignore` files. If you want to make sure to find absolutely every possible file, always
-use the options `-H` and `-I` to disable these two features:
-``` bash
-> fd -HI …
-```
-
 ### `fd` doesn't seem to interpret my regex pattern correctly
 
 A lot of special regex characters (like `[]`, `^`, `$`, ..) are also special characters in your
@@ -483,16 +477,17 @@ In emacs, run `M-x find-file-in-project-by-selected` to find matching files. Alt
 
 ### Printing the output as a tree
 
-To format the output of `fd` similar to the `tree` command, install [`as-tree`] and pipe the output
-of `fd` to `as-tree`:
+To format the output of `fd` as a file-tree you can use the `tree` command with
+`--fromfile`:
 ```bash
-fd | as-tree
+❯ fd | tree --fromfile
 ```
 
-This can be more useful than running `tree` by itself because `tree` does not ignore any files by
-default, nor does it support as rich a set of options as `fd` does to control what to print:
+This can be more useful than running `tree` by itself because `tree` does not
+ignore any files by default, nor does it support as rich a set of options as
+`fd` does to control what to print:
 ```bash
-❯ fd --extension rs | as-tree
+❯ fd --extension rs | tree --fromfile
 .
 ├── build.rs
 └── src
@@ -500,9 +495,10 @@ default, nor does it support as rich a set of options as `fd` does to control wh
     └── error.rs
 ```
 
-For more information about `as-tree`, see [the `as-tree` README][`as-tree`].
-
-[`as-tree`]: https://github.com/jez/as-tree
+On bash and similar you can simply create an alias:
+```bash
+❯ alias as-tree='tree --fromfile'
+```
 
 ### Using fd with `xargs` or `parallel`
 
@@ -525,7 +521,7 @@ newlines). In the same way, the `-0` option of `xargs` tells it to read the inpu
 If you run Ubuntu 19.04 (Disco Dingo) or newer, you can install the
 [officially maintained package](https://packages.ubuntu.com/fd-find):
 ```
-sudo apt install fd-find
+apt install fd-find
 ```
 Note that the binary is called `fdfind` as the binary name `fd` is already used by another package.
 It is recommended that after installation, you add a link to `fd` by executing command
@@ -535,7 +531,7 @@ Make sure that `$HOME/.local/bin` is in your `$PATH`.
 If you use an older version of Ubuntu, you can download the latest `.deb` package from the
 [release page](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/releases) and install it via:
 ``` bash
-sudo dpkg -i fd_8.3.2_amd64.deb  # adapt version number and architecture
+dpkg -i fd_9.0.0_amd64.deb # adapt version number and architecture
 ```
 
 ### On Debian
@@ -543,7 +539,7 @@ sudo dpkg -i fd_8.3.2_amd64.deb  # adapt version number and architecture
 If you run Debian Buster or newer, you can install the
 [officially maintained Debian package](https://tracker.debian.org/pkg/rust-fd-find):
 ```
-sudo apt-get install fd-find
+apt-get install fd-find
 ```
 Note that the binary is called `fdfind` as the binary name `fd` is already used by another package.
 It is recommended that after installation, you add a link to `fd` by executing command
@@ -557,12 +553,6 @@ Starting with Fedora 28, you can install `fd` from the official package sources:
 dnf install fd-find
 ```
 
-For older versions, you can use this [Fedora copr](https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/keefle/fd/) to install `fd`:
-``` bash
-dnf copr enable keefle/fd
-dnf install fd
-```
-
 ### On Alpine Linux
 
 You can install [the fd package](https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=fd)
@@ -577,6 +567,8 @@ You can install [the fd package](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/community/x8
 ```
 pacman -S fd
 ```
+You can also install fd [from the AUR](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/fd-git).
+
 ### On Gentoo Linux
 
 You can use [the fd ebuild](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/sys-apps/fd) from the official repo:
@@ -598,6 +590,31 @@ You can install `fd` via xbps-install:
 xbps-install -S fd
 ```
 
+### On ALT Linux
+
+You can install [the fd package](https://packages.altlinux.org/en/sisyphus/srpms/fd/) from the official repo:
+```
+apt-get install fd
+```
+
+### On Solus
+
+You can install [the fd package](https://github.com/getsolus/packages/tree/main/packages/f/fd) from the official repo:
+```
+eopkg install fd
+```
+
+### On RedHat Enterprise Linux 8/9 (RHEL8/9), Almalinux 8/9, EuroLinux 8/9 or Rocky Linux 8/9
+
+You can install [the `fd` package](https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/tkbcopr/fd/) from Fedora Copr.
+
+```bash
+dnf copr enable tkbcopr/fd
+dnf install fd
+```
+
+A different version using the [slower](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/pull/481#issuecomment-534494592) malloc [instead of jemalloc](https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2216193#c1) is also available from the EPEL8/9 repo as the package `fd-find`.
+
 ### On macOS
 
 You can install `fd` with [Homebrew](https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/fd):
@@ -607,7 +624,7 @@ brew install fd
 
 … or with MacPorts:
 ```
-sudo port install fd
+port install fd
 ```
 
 ### On Windows
@@ -624,6 +641,18 @@ Or via [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org):
 choco install fd
 ```
 
+Or via [Winget](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/package-manager/):
+```
+winget install sharkdp.fd
+```
+
+### On GuixOS
+
+You can install [the fd package](https://guix.gnu.org/en/packages/fd-8.1.1/) from the official repo:
+```
+guix install fd
+```
+
 ### On NixOS / via Nix
 
 You can use the [Nix package manager](https://nixos.org/nix/) to install `fd`:
@@ -640,7 +669,7 @@ pkg install fd-find
 
 ### From npm
 
-On linux and macOS, you can install the [fd-find](https://npm.im/fd-find) package:
+On Linux and macOS, you can install the [fd-find](https://npm.im/fd-find) package:
 
 ```
 npm install -g fd-find
@@ -652,7 +681,7 @@ With Rust's package manager [cargo](https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo), you can
 ```
 cargo install fd-find
 ```
-Note that rust version *1.54.0* or later is required.
+Note that rust version *1.77.2* or later is required.
 
 `make` is also needed for the build.
 
@@ -683,8 +712,6 @@ cargo install --path .
 
 ## License
 
-Copyright (c) 2017-2021 The fd developers
-
 `fd` is distributed under the terms of both the MIT License and the Apache License 2.0.
 
 See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files for license details.

build.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,5 @@
-use std::fs;
-
-use clap_complete::{generate_to, Shell};
-use Shell::*;
-//use clap_complete::shells::Shel{Bash, Fish, PowerShell, Elvish};
-
-include!("src/app.rs");
-
 fn main() {
-    let min_version = "1.54";
+    let min_version = "1.64";
 
     match version_check::is_min_version(min_version) {
         Some(true) => {}
@@ -17,17 +9,4 @@ fn main() {
             std::process::exit(1);
         }
     }
-
-    let var = std::env::var_os("SHELL_COMPLETIONS_DIR").or_else(|| std::env::var_os("OUT_DIR"));
-    let outdir = match var {
-        None => return,
-        Some(outdir) => outdir,
-    };
-    fs::create_dir_all(&outdir).unwrap();
-
-    let mut app = build_app();
-    // NOTE: zsh completions are hand written in contrib/completion/_fd
-    for shell in [Bash, PowerShell, Fish, Elvish] {
-        generate_to(shell, &mut app, "fd", &outdir).unwrap();
-    }
 }

clippy.toml

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-msrv = "1.54.0"

contrib/completion/_fd

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ _fd() {
     {l,symlink}'\:"symbolic links"'
     {e,empty}'\:"empty files or directories"'
     {x,executable}'\:"executable (files)"'
+    {b,block-device}'\:"block devices"'
+    {c,char-device}'\:"character devices"'
     {s,socket}'\:"sockets"'
     {p,pipe}'\:"named pipes (FIFOs)"'
   )
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ _fd() {
   # for all of the potential negation options listed below!
   if
     # (--[bpsu]* => match all options marked with '$no')
-    [[ $PREFIX$SUFFIX == --[bopsu]* ]] ||
+    [[ $PREFIX$SUFFIX == --[bopsun]* ]] ||
     zstyle -t ":complete:$curcontext:*" complete-all
   then
     no=
@@ -70,6 +72,9 @@ _fd() {
     {-g,--glob}'[perform a glob-based search]'
     {-F,--fixed-strings}'[treat pattern as literal string instead of a regex]'
 
+    + '(no-require-git)'
+    "$no(no-ignore-full --no-ignore-vcs --no-require-git)--no-require-git[don't require git repo to respect gitignores]"
+
     + '(match-full)' # match against full path
     {-p,--full-path}'[match the pattern against the full path instead of the basename]'
 
@@ -118,6 +123,7 @@ _fd() {
 
     + '(filter-mtime-newer)' # filter by files modified after than
     '--changed-within=[limit search to files/directories modified within the given date/duration]:date or duration'
+    '--changed-after=[alias for --changed-within]:date/duration'
     '!--change-newer-than=:date/duration'
     '!--newer=:date/duration'
 
@@ -146,7 +152,7 @@ _fd() {
 
     + '(about)' # about flags
     '(: * -)'{-h,--help}'[display help message]'
-    '(: * -)'{-v,--version}'[display version information]'
+    '(: * -)'{-V,--version}'[display version information]'
 
     + path-sep # set path separator for output
     $no'(--path-separator)--path-separator=[set the path separator to use when printing file paths]:path separator'
@@ -156,7 +162,11 @@ _fd() {
     $no'(*)*--search-path=[set search path (instead of positional <path> arguments)]:directory:_files -/'
 
     + strip-cwd-prefix
-    $no'(strip-cwd-prefix exec-cmds)--strip-cwd-prefix[Strip ./ prefix when output is redirected]'
+    $no'(strip-cwd-prefix exec-cmds)--strip-cwd-prefix=[When to strip ./]:when:(always never auto)'
+
+    + and
+    '--and=[additional required search path]:pattern'
+
 
     + args # positional arguments
     '1: :_guard "^-*" pattern'

doc/fd.1

@@ -24,11 +24,24 @@ fd \- find entries in the filesystem
 .B fd
 is a simple, fast and user-friendly alternative to
 .BR find (1).
+.P
+By default
+.B fd
+uses regular expressions for the pattern. However, this can be changed to use simple glob patterns
+with the '\-\-glob' option.
+.P
+By default
+.B fd
+will exclude hidden files and directories, as well as any files that match gitignore rules
+or ignore rules in .ignore or .fdignore files.
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
 .B \-H, \-\-hidden
 Include hidden files and directories in the search results
 (default: hidden files and directories are skipped). The flag can be overridden with '--no-hidden'.
+.IP
+Ignored files are still excluded unless \-\-no\-ignore or \-\-no\-ignore\-vcs
+is also used.
 .TP
 .B \-I, \-\-no\-ignore
 Show search results from files and directories that would otherwise be ignored by
@@ -53,7 +66,7 @@ The global fd ignore file (usually
 The flag can be overridden with '--ignore'.
 .TP
 .B \-u, \-\-unrestricted
-Alias for '--no-ignore'. Can be repeated; '-uu' is an alias for '--no-ignore --hidden'.
+Perform an unrestricted search, including ignored and hidden files. This is an alias for '--hidden --no-ignore'.
 .TP
 .B \-\-no\-ignore\-vcs
 Show search results from files and directories that would otherwise be ignored by gitignore files
@@ -66,6 +79,14 @@ git setting, which defaults to
 .IR $HOME/.config/git/ignore ).
 The flag can be overridden with '--ignore-vcs'.
 .TP
+.B \-\-no\-require\-git
+Do not require a git repository to respect gitignores. By default, fd will only
+respect global gitignore rules, .gitignore rules and local exclude rules if fd
+detects that you are searching inside a git repository. This flag allows you to
+relax this restriction such that fd will respect all git related ignore rules
+regardless of whether you’re searching in a git repository or not. The flag can
+be overridden with '--require-git'.
+.TP
 .B \-\-no\-ignore\-parent
 Show search results from files and directories that would otherwise be ignored by gitignore files in
 parent directories.
@@ -89,6 +110,11 @@ Perform a regular-expression based search (default). This can be used to overrid
 Treat the pattern as a literal string instead of a regular expression. Note that this also
 performs substring comparison. If you want to match on an exact filename, consider using '\-\-glob'.
 .TP
+.BI "\-\-and " pattern
+Add additional required search patterns, all of which must be matched. Multiple additional
+patterns can be specified. The patterns are regular expressions, unless '\-\-glob'
+or '\-\-fixed\-strings' is used.
+.TP
 .B \-a, \-\-absolute\-path
 Shows the full path starting from the root as opposed to relative paths.
 The flag can be overridden with '--relative-path'.
@@ -130,9 +156,20 @@ can be used as an alias.
 Enable the display of filesystem errors for situations such as insufficient
 permissions or dead symlinks.
 .TP
-.B \-\-strip-cwd-prefix
-By default, relative paths are prefixed with './' when the output goes to a non interactive terminal
-(TTY). Use this flag to disable this behaviour.
+.B \-\-strip-cwd-prefix [when]
+By default, relative paths are prefixed with './' when -x/--exec,
+-X/--exec-batch, or -0/--print0 are given, to reduce the risk of a
+path starting with '-' being treated as a command line option. Use
+this flag to change this behavior. If this flag is used without a value,
+it is equivalent to passing "always". Possible values are:
+.RS
+.IP never
+Never strip the ./ at the beginning of paths
+.IP always
+Always strip the ./ at the beginning of paths
+.IP auto
+Only strip if used with --exec, --exec-batch, or --print0. That is, it resets to the default behavior.
+.RE
 .TP
 .B \-\-one\-file\-system, \-\-mount, \-\-xdev
 By default, fd will traverse the file system tree as far as other options dictate. With this flag, fd ensures that it does not descend into a different file system than the one it started in. Comparable to the -mount or -xdev filters of find(1).
@@ -162,10 +199,14 @@ Filter search by type:
 .RS
 .IP "f, file"
 regular files
-.IP "d, directory"
+.IP "d, dir, directory"
 directories
 .IP "l, symlink"
 symbolic links
+.IP "b, block-device"
+block devices
+.IP "c, char-device"
+character devices
 .IP "s, socket"
 sockets
 .IP "p, pipe"
@@ -279,27 +320,37 @@ tebibytes
 Filter results based on the file modification time.
 Files with modification times greater than the argument will be returned.
 The argument can be provided as a duration (\fI10h, 1d, 35min\fR) or as a specific point
-in time in either full RFC3339 format with time zone, or as a date or datetime in the
-local time zone (\fIYYYY-MM-DD\fR or \fIYYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS\fR).
-.B --change-newer-than
-can be used as an alias.
+in time as full RFC3339 format with time zone, as a date or datetime in the
+local time zone (\fIYYYY-MM-DD\fR or \fIYYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS\fR), or as the prefix '@'
+followed by the number of seconds since the Unix epoch (@[0-9]+).
+\fB\-\-change-newer-than\fR,
+.B --newer
+or
+.B --changed-after
+can be used as aliases.
 
 Examples:
   \-\-changed-within 2weeks
   \-\-change-newer-than "2018-10-27 10:00:00"
+  \-\-newer 2018-10-27
+  \-\-changed-after @1704067200
 .TP
 .BI "\-\-changed-before " date|duration
 Filter results based on the file modification time.
 Files with modification times less than the argument will be returned.
 The argument can be provided as a duration (\fI10h, 1d, 35min\fR) or as a specific point
-in time in either full RFC3339 format with time zone, or as a date or datetime in the
-local time zone (\fIYYYY-MM-DD\fR or \fIYYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS\fR).
+in time as full RFC3339 format with time zone, as a date or datetime in the
+local time zone (\fIYYYY-MM-DD\fR or \fIYYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS\fR), or as the prefix '@'
+followed by the number of seconds since the Unix epoch (@[0-9]+).
 .B --change-older-than
-can be used as an alias.
+or
+.B --older
+can be used as aliases.
 
 Examples:
   \-\-changed-before "2018-10-27 10:00:00"
   \-\-change-older-than 2weeks
+  \-\-older @1704067200
 .TP
 .BI "-o, \-\-owner " [user][:group]
 Filter files by their user and/or group. Format: [(user|uid)][:(group|gid)]. Either side
@@ -324,6 +375,30 @@ Set the path separator to use when printing file paths. The default is the OS-sp
 Provide paths to search as an alternative to the positional \fIpath\fR argument. Changes the usage to
 \'fd [FLAGS/OPTIONS] \-\-search\-path PATH \-\-search\-path PATH2 [PATTERN]\'
 .TP
+.BI "\-\-format " fmt
+Specify a template string that is used for printing a line for each file found.
+
+The following placeholders are substituted into the string for each file before printing:
+.RS
+.IP {}
+path (of the current search result)
+.IP {/}
+basename
+.IP {//}
+parent directory
+.IP {.}
+path without file extension
+.IP {/.}
+basename without file extension
+.IP {{
+literal '{' (an escape sequence)
+.IP }}
+literal '}' (an escape sequence)
+.P
+Notice that you can use "{{" and "}}" to escape "{" and "}" respectively, which is especially
+useful if you need to include the literal text of one of the above placeholders.
+.RE
+.TP
 .BI "\-x, \-\-exec " command
 .RS
 Execute
@@ -336,20 +411,17 @@ Note that all subsequent positional arguments are considered to be arguments to
 It is therefore recommended to place the \-x/\-\-exec option last. Alternatively, you can supply
 a ';' argument to end the argument list and continue with more fd options.
 Most shells require ';' to be escaped: '\\;'.
+This option can be specified multiple times, in which case all commands are run for each
+file found, in the order they are provided. In that case, you must supply a ';' argument for
+all but the last commands.
 
-The following placeholders are substituted before the command is executed:
-.RS
-.IP {}
-path (of the current search result)
-.IP {/}
-basename
-.IP {//}
-parent directory
-.IP {.}
-path without file extension
-.IP {/.}
-basename without file extension
-.RE
+If parallelism is enabled, the order commands will be executed in is non-deterministic. And even with
+--threads=1, the order is determined by the operating system and may not be what you expect. Thus, it is
+recommended that you don't rely on any ordering of the results.
+
+Before executing the command, any placeholder patterns in the command are replaced with the
+corresponding values for the current file. The same placeholders are used as in the "\-\-format"
+option.
 
 If no placeholder is present, an implicit "{}" at the end is assumed.
 
@@ -373,22 +445,18 @@ Examples:
 Execute
 .I command
 once, with all search results as arguments.
-One of the following placeholders is substituted before the command is executed:
-.RS
-.IP {}
-path (of all search results)
-.IP {/}
-basename
-.IP {//}
-parent directory
-.IP {.}
-path without file extension
-.IP {/.}
-basename without file extension
-.RE
+
+The order of the arguments is non-deterministic and should not be relied upon.
+
+This uses the same placeholders as "\-\-format" and "\-\-exec", but instead of expanding
+once per command invocation each argument containing a placeholder is expanding for every
+file in a batch and passed as separate arguments.
 
 If no placeholder is present, an implicit "{}" at the end is assumed.
 
+Like \-\-exec, this can be used multiple times, in which case each command will be run in
+the order given.
+
 Examples:
 
   - Find all test_*.py files and open them in your favorite editor:
@@ -405,7 +473,8 @@ Examples:
 .BI "\-\-batch-size " size
 Maximum number of arguments to pass to the command given with -X. If the number of results is
 greater than the given size, the command given with -X is run again with remaining arguments. A
-batch size of zero means there is no limit.
+batch size of zero means there is no limit (default), but note that batching might still happen
+due to OS restrictions on the maximum length of command lines.
 .SH PATTERN SYNTAX
 The regular expression syntax used by fd is documented here:
 
@@ -430,6 +499,17 @@ is set, use
 .IR $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/fd/ignore .
 Otherwise, use
 .IR $HOME/.config/fd/ignore .
+.SH FILES
+.TP
+.B .fdignore
+This file works similarly to a .gitignore file anywhere in the searched tree and specifies patterns
+that should be excluded from the search. However, this file is specific to fd, and will be used even
+if the --no-ignore-vcs option is used.
+.TP
+.B $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/fd/ignore
+Global ignore file. Unless ignore mode is turned off (such as with --no-ignore)
+ignore entries in this file will be ignored, as if it was an .fdignore file in the
+current directory.
 .SH EXAMPLES
 .TP
 .RI "Find files and directories that match the pattern '" needle "':"
@@ -443,11 +523,17 @@ $ fd -e py
 .TP
 .RI "Open all search results with vim:"
 $ fd pattern -X vim
-.TP
-.BI "\-\-batch\-size " size
-Pass at most
-.I size
-arguments to each call to the command given with -X.
-.TP
+.SH Tips and Tricks
+.IP \[bu]
+If you add ".git/" to your global ignore file ($XDG_CONFIG_HOME/fd/ignore), then
+".git" folders will be ignored by default, even when the --hidden option is used.
+.IP \[bu]
+You can use a shell alias or a wrapper script in order to pass desired flags to fd
+by default. For example if you do not like the default behavior of respecting gitignore,
+you can use
+`alias fd="/usr/bin/fd --no-ignore-vcs"`
+in your .bashrc to create an alias for fd that doesn't ignore git files by default.
+.SH BUGS
+Bugs can be reported on GitHub: https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/issues
 .SH SEE ALSO
 .BR find (1)

doc/release-checklist.md

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Release checklist
+
+This file can be used as-is, or copied into the GitHub PR description which includes
+necessary changes for the upcoming release.
+
+## Version bump
+
+- [ ] Create a new branch for the required changes for this release.
+- [ ] Update version in `Cargo.toml`. Run `cargo build` to update `Cargo.lock`.
+      Make sure to `git add` the `Cargo.lock` changes as well.
+- [ ] Find the current min. supported Rust version by running
+      `grep rust-version Cargo.toml`.
+- [ ] Update the `fd` version and the min. supported Rust version in `README.md`.
+- [ ] Update `CHANGELOG.md`. Change the heading of the *"Upcoming release"* section
+      to the version of this release.
+
+## Pre-release checks and updates
+
+- [ ] Install the latest version (`cargo install --locked -f --path .`) and make
+      sure that it is available on the `PATH` (`fd --version` should show the
+      new version).
+- [ ] Review `-h`, `--help`, and the `man` page.
+- [ ] Run `fd -h` and copy the output to the *"Command-line options"* section in
+      the README
+- [ ] Push all changes and wait for CI to succeed (before continuing with the
+      next section).
+- [ ] Optional: manually test the new features and command-line options described
+      in the `CHANGELOG.md`.
+- [ ] Run `cargo publish --dry-run` to make sure that it will succeed later
+      (after creating the GitHub release).
+
+## Release
+
+- [ ] Merge your release branch (should be a fast-forward merge).
+- [ ] Create a tag and push it: `git tag vX.Y.Z; git push origin tag vX.Y.Z`.
+      This will trigger the deployment via GitHub Actions.
+      REMINDER: If your `origin` is a fork, don't forget to push to e.g. `upstream`
+      instead.
+- [ ] Go to https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/releases/new to create the new
+      release. Select the new tag and also use it as the release title. For the
+      release notes, copy the corresponding section from `CHANGELOG.md` and
+      possibly add additional remarks for package maintainers.
+      Publish the release.
+- [ ] Check if the binary deployment works (archives and Debian packages should
+      appear when the CI run *for the Git tag* has finished).
+- [ ] Publish to crates.io by running `cargo publish` in a *clean* repository.
+      One way to do this is to clone a fresh copy.
+
+## Post-release
+
+- [ ] Prepare a new *"Upcoming release"* section at the top of `CHANGELOG.md`.
+      Put this at the top:
+
+      # Upcoming release
+
+      ## Features
+
+
+      ## Bugfixes
+
+
+      ## Changes
+
+
+      ## Other
+

doc/screencast.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Designed to be executed via svg-term from the fd root directory:
 # svg-term --command="bash doc/screencast.sh" --out doc/screencast.svg --padding=10
+# Then run this (workaround for #1003):
+# sed -i '' 's/<text/<text font-size="1.67"/g' doc/screencast.svg
 set -e
 set -u
 
@@ -34,9 +36,11 @@ main() {
 
     enter "fd app"
 
-    enter "fd sh"
+    enter "fd fi"
 
-    enter "fd sh --type f"
+    enter "fd fi --type f"
+
+    enter "fd --type d"
 
     enter "fd -e md"
 

doc/sponsors.md

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+## Sponsors
+
+`fd` development is sponsored by many individuals and companies. Thank you very much!
+
+Please note, that being sponsored does not affect the individuality of the `fd`
+project or affect the maintainers' actions in any way.
+We remain impartial and continue to assess pull requests solely on merit - the
+features added, bugs solved, and effect on the overall complexity of the code.
+No issue will have a different priority based on sponsorship status of the
+reporter.
+
+Contributions from anybody are most welcomed, please see our [`CONTRIBUTING.md`](../CONTRIBUTING.md) guide.

rustfmt.toml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Defaults are used

scripts/version-bump.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/usr/bin/bash
+
+set -eu
+
+# This script automates the "Version bump" section
+
+version="$1"
+
+if [[ -z $version ]]; then
+  echo "Usage: must supply version as first argument" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+git switch -C "release-$version"
+sed -i -e "0,/^\[badges/{s/^version =.*/version = \"$version\"/}" Cargo.toml
+
+msrv="$(grep -F rust-version Cargo.toml | sed -e 's/^rust-version= "\(.*\)"/\1/')"
+
+sed -i -e "s/Note that rust version \*[0-9.]+\* or later/Note that rust version *$msrv* or later/" README.md
+
+sed -i -e "s/^# Upcoming release/# $version/" CHANGELOG.md
+

src/app.rs

@@ -1,770 +0,0 @@
-use clap::{crate_version, App, AppSettings, Arg, ColorChoice};
-
-pub fn build_app() -> App<'static> {
-    let clap_color_choice = if std::env::var_os("NO_COLOR").is_none() {
-        ColorChoice::Auto
-    } else {
-        ColorChoice::Never
-    };
-
-    let mut app = App::new("fd")
-        .version(crate_version!())
-        .color(clap_color_choice)
-        .setting(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder)
-        .setting(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage)
-        .after_help(
-            "Note: `fd -h` prints a short and concise overview while `fd --help` gives all \
-                 details.",
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("hidden")
-                .long("hidden")
-                .short('H')
-                .overrides_with("hidden")
-                .help("Search hidden files and directories")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Include hidden directories and files in the search results (default: \
-                         hidden files and directories are skipped). Files and directories are \
-                         considered to be hidden if their name starts with a `.` sign (dot). \
-                         The flag can be overridden with --no-hidden.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no-hidden")
-                .long("no-hidden")
-                .overrides_with("hidden")
-                .hide(true)
-                .long_help(
-                    "Overrides --hidden.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no-ignore")
-                .long("no-ignore")
-                .short('I')
-                .overrides_with("no-ignore")
-                .help("Do not respect .(git|fd)ignore files")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Show search results from files and directories that would otherwise be \
-                         ignored by '.gitignore', '.ignore', '.fdignore', or the global ignore file. \
-                         The flag can be overridden with --ignore.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("ignore")
-                .long("ignore")
-                .overrides_with("no-ignore")
-                .hide(true)
-                .long_help(
-                    "Overrides --no-ignore.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no-ignore-vcs")
-                .long("no-ignore-vcs")
-                .overrides_with("no-ignore-vcs")
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Do not respect .gitignore files")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Show search results from files and directories that would otherwise be \
-                         ignored by '.gitignore' files. The flag can be overridden with --ignore-vcs.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("ignore-vcs")
-                .long("ignore-vcs")
-                .overrides_with("no-ignore-vcs")
-                .hide(true)
-                .long_help(
-                    "Overrides --no-ignore-vcs.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no-ignore-parent")
-                .long("no-ignore-parent")
-                .overrides_with("no-ignore-parent")
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Do not respect .(git|fd)ignore files in parent directories")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Show search results from files and directories that would otherwise be \
-                        ignored by '.gitignore', '.ignore', or '.fdignore' files in parent directories.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no-global-ignore-file")
-                .long("no-global-ignore-file")
-                .hide(true)
-                .help("Do not respect the global ignore file")
-                .long_help("Do not respect the global ignore file."),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("rg-alias-hidden-ignore")
-                .short('u')
-                .long("unrestricted")
-                .overrides_with_all(&["ignore", "no-hidden"])
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Alias for '--no-ignore', and '--hidden' when given twice")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Alias for '--no-ignore'. Can be repeated. '-uu' is an alias for \
-                         '--no-ignore --hidden'.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("case-sensitive")
-                .long("case-sensitive")
-                .short('s')
-                .overrides_with_all(&["ignore-case", "case-sensitive"])
-                .help("Case-sensitive search (default: smart case)")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Perform a case-sensitive search. By default, fd uses case-insensitive \
-                         searches, unless the pattern contains an uppercase character (smart \
-                         case).",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("ignore-case")
-                .long("ignore-case")
-                .short('i')
-                .overrides_with_all(&["case-sensitive", "ignore-case"])
-                .help("Case-insensitive search (default: smart case)")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Perform a case-insensitive search. By default, fd uses case-insensitive \
-                         searches, unless the pattern contains an uppercase character (smart \
-                         case).",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("glob")
-                .long("glob")
-                .short('g')
-                .conflicts_with("fixed-strings")
-                .overrides_with("glob")
-                .help("Glob-based search (default: regular expression)")
-                .long_help("Perform a glob-based search instead of a regular expression search."),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("regex")
-                .long("regex")
-                .overrides_with_all(&["glob", "regex"])
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Regular-expression based search (default)")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Perform a regular-expression based search (default). This can be used to \
-                         override --glob.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("fixed-strings")
-                .long("fixed-strings")
-                .short('F')
-                .alias("literal")
-                .overrides_with("fixed-strings")
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Treat pattern as literal string instead of regex")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Treat the pattern as a literal string instead of a regular expression. Note \
-                     that this also performs substring comparison. If you want to match on an \
-                     exact filename, consider using '--glob'.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("absolute-path")
-                .long("absolute-path")
-                .short('a')
-                .overrides_with("absolute-path")
-                .help("Show absolute instead of relative paths")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Shows the full path starting from the root as opposed to relative paths. \
-                     The flag can be overridden with --relative-path.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("relative-path")
-                .long("relative-path")
-                .overrides_with("absolute-path")
-                .hide(true)
-                .long_help(
-                    "Overrides --absolute-path.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("list-details")
-                .long("list-details")
-                .short('l')
-                .conflicts_with("absolute-path")
-                .help("Use a long listing format with file metadata")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Use a detailed listing format like 'ls -l'. This is basically an alias \
-                         for '--exec-batch ls -l' with some additional 'ls' options. This can be \
-                         used to see more metadata, to show symlink targets and to achieve a \
-                         deterministic sort order.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("follow")
-                .long("follow")
-                .short('L')
-                .alias("dereference")
-                .overrides_with("follow")
-                .help("Follow symbolic links")
-                .long_help(
-                    "By default, fd does not descend into symlinked directories. Using this \
-                         flag, symbolic links are also traversed. \
-                         Flag can be overriden with --no-follow.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("no-follow")
-                .long("no-follow")
-                .overrides_with("follow")
-                .hide(true)
-                .long_help(
-                    "Overrides --follow.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("full-path")
-                .long("full-path")
-                .short('p')
-                .overrides_with("full-path")
-                .help("Search full abs. path (default: filename only)")
-                .long_help(
-                    "By default, the search pattern is only matched against the filename (or \
-                      directory name). Using this flag, the pattern is matched against the full \
-                      (absolute) path. Example:\n  \
-                        fd --glob -p '**/.git/config'",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("null_separator")
-                .long("print0")
-                .short('0')
-                .overrides_with("print0")
-                .conflicts_with("list-details")
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Separate results by the null character")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Separate search results by the null character (instead of newlines). \
-                         Useful for piping results to 'xargs'.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("max-depth")
-                .long("max-depth")
-                .short('d')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("depth")
-                .help("Set maximum search depth (default: none)")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Limit the directory traversal to a given depth. By default, there is no \
-                         limit on the search depth.",
-                ),
-        )
-        // support --maxdepth as well, for compatibility with rg
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("rg-depth")
-                .long("maxdepth")
-                .hide(true)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("Set maximum search depth (default: none)")
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("min-depth")
-                .long("min-depth")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("depth")
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Only show results starting at given depth")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Only show search results starting at the given depth. \
-                     See also: '--max-depth' and '--exact-depth'",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("exact-depth")
-                .long("exact-depth")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("depth")
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["max-depth", "min-depth"])
-                .help("Only show results at exact given depth")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Only show search results at the exact given depth. This is an alias for \
-                     '--min-depth <depth> --max-depth <depth>'.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("prune")
-                .long("prune")
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["size", "exact-depth"])
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Do not traverse into matching directories")
-                .long_help("Do not traverse into directories that match the search criteria. If \
-                    you want to exclude specific directories, use the '--exclude=…' option.")
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("file-type")
-                .long("type")
-                .short('t')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("filetype")
-                .possible_values(&[
-                    "f",
-                    "file",
-                    "d",
-                    "directory",
-                    "l",
-                    "symlink",
-                    "x",
-                    "executable",
-                    "e",
-                    "empty",
-                    "s",
-                    "socket",
-                    "p",
-                    "pipe",
-                ])
-                .hide_possible_values(true)
-                .help(
-                    "Filter by type: file (f), directory (d), symlink (l),\nexecutable (x), \
-                         empty (e), socket (s), pipe (p)",
-                )
-                .long_help(
-                    "Filter the search by type:\n  \
-                       'f' or 'file':         regular files\n  \
-                       'd' or 'directory':    directories\n  \
-                       'l' or 'symlink':      symbolic links\n  \
-                       's' or 'socket':       socket\n  \
-                       'p' or 'pipe':         named pipe (FIFO)\n\n  \
-                       'x' or 'executable':   executables\n  \
-                       'e' or 'empty':        empty files or directories\n\n\
-                     This option can be specified more than once to include multiple file types. \
-                     Searching for '--type file --type symlink' will show both regular files as \
-                     well as symlinks. Note that the 'executable' and 'empty' filters work differently: \
-                     '--type executable' implies '--type file' by default. And '--type empty' searches \
-                     for empty files and directories, unless either '--type file' or '--type directory' \
-                     is specified in addition.\n\n\
-                     Examples:\n  \
-                       - Only search for files:\n      \
-                           fd --type file …\n      \
-                           fd -tf …\n  \
-                       - Find both files and symlinks\n      \
-                           fd --type file --type symlink …\n      \
-                           fd -tf -tl …\n  \
-                       - Find executable files:\n      \
-                           fd --type executable\n      \
-                           fd -tx\n  \
-                       - Find empty files:\n      \
-                           fd --type empty --type file\n      \
-                           fd -te -tf\n  \
-                       - Find empty directories:\n      \
-                           fd --type empty --type directory\n      \
-                           fd -te -td"
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("extension")
-                .long("extension")
-                .short('e')
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("ext")
-                .help("Filter by file extension")
-                .long_help(
-                    "(Additionally) filter search results by their file extension. Multiple \
-                     allowable file extensions can be specified.\n\
-                     If you want to search for files without extension, \
-                     you can use the regex '^[^.]+$' as a normal search pattern.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("exec")
-                .long("exec")
-                .short('x')
-                .min_values(1)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-                .value_terminator(";")
-                .value_name("cmd")
-                .conflicts_with("list-details")
-                .help("Execute a command for each search result")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Execute a command for each search result in parallel (use --threads=1 for sequential command execution). \
-                     All positional arguments following --exec are considered to be arguments to the command - not to fd. \
-                     It is therefore recommended to place the '-x'/'--exec' option last.\n\
-                     The following placeholders are substituted before the command is executed:\n  \
-                       '{}':   path (of the current search result)\n  \
-                       '{/}':  basename\n  \
-                       '{//}': parent directory\n  \
-                       '{.}':  path without file extension\n  \
-                       '{/.}': basename without file extension\n\n\
-                     If no placeholder is present, an implicit \"{}\" at the end is assumed.\n\n\
-                     Examples:\n\n  \
-                       - find all *.zip files and unzip them:\n\n      \
-                           fd -e zip -x unzip\n\n  \
-                       - find *.h and *.cpp files and run \"clang-format -i ..\" for each of them:\n\n      \
-                           fd -e h -e cpp -x clang-format -i\n\n  \
-                       - Convert all *.jpg files to *.png files:\n\n      \
-                           fd -e jpg -x convert {} {.}.png\
-                    ",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("exec-batch")
-                .long("exec-batch")
-                .short('X')
-                .min_values(1)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-                .value_terminator(";")
-                .value_name("cmd")
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["exec", "list-details"])
-                .help("Execute a command with all search results at once")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Execute the given command once, with all search results as arguments.\n\
-                     One of the following placeholders is substituted before the command is executed:\n  \
-                       '{}':   path (of all search results)\n  \
-                       '{/}':  basename\n  \
-                       '{//}': parent directory\n  \
-                       '{.}':  path without file extension\n  \
-                       '{/.}': basename without file extension\n\n\
-                     If no placeholder is present, an implicit \"{}\" at the end is assumed.\n\n\
-                     Examples:\n\n  \
-                       - Find all test_*.py files and open them in your favorite editor:\n\n      \
-                           fd -g 'test_*.py' -X vim\n\n  \
-                       - Find all *.rs files and count the lines with \"wc -l ...\":\n\n      \
-                           fd -e rs -X wc -l\
-                     "
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("batch-size")
-            .long("batch-size")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .value_name("size")
-            .hide_short_help(true)
-            .requires("exec-batch")
-            .help("Max number of arguments to run as a batch with -X")
-            .long_help(
-                "Maximum number of arguments to pass to the command given with -X. \
-                If the number of results is greater than the given size, \
-                the command given with -X is run again with remaining arguments. \
-                A batch size of zero means there is no limit.",
-            ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("exclude")
-                .long("exclude")
-                .short('E')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("pattern")
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .help("Exclude entries that match the given glob pattern")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Exclude files/directories that match the given glob pattern. This \
-                         overrides any other ignore logic. Multiple exclude patterns can be \
-                         specified.\n\n\
-                         Examples:\n  \
-                           --exclude '*.pyc'\n  \
-                           --exclude node_modules",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("ignore-file")
-                .long("ignore-file")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("path")
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Add custom ignore-file in '.gitignore' format")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Add a custom ignore-file in '.gitignore' format. These files have a low \
-                         precedence.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("color")
-                .long("color")
-                .short('c')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("when")
-                .possible_values(&["never", "auto", "always"])
-                .hide_possible_values(true)
-                .help("When to use colors: never, *auto*, always")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Declare when to use color for the pattern match output:\n  \
-                       'auto':      show colors if the output goes to an interactive console (default)\n  \
-                       'never':     do not use colorized output\n  \
-                       'always':    always use colorized output",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("threads")
-                .long("threads")
-                .short('j')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("num")
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Set number of threads")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Set number of threads to use for searching & executing (default: number \
-                         of available CPU cores)",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("size")
-                .long("size")
-                .short('S')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .help("Limit results based on the size of files")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Limit results based on the size of files using the format <+-><NUM><UNIT>.\n   \
-                        '+': file size must be greater than or equal to this\n   \
-                        '-': file size must be less than or equal to this\n\
-                     If neither '+' nor '-' is specified, file size must be exactly equal to this.\n   \
-                        'NUM':  The numeric size (e.g. 500)\n   \
-                        'UNIT': The units for NUM. They are not case-sensitive.\n\
-                     Allowed unit values:\n    \
-                         'b':  bytes\n    \
-                         'k':  kilobytes (base ten, 10^3 = 1000 bytes)\n    \
-                         'm':  megabytes\n    \
-                         'g':  gigabytes\n    \
-                         't':  terabytes\n    \
-                         'ki': kibibytes (base two, 2^10 = 1024 bytes)\n    \
-                         'mi': mebibytes\n    \
-                         'gi': gibibytes\n    \
-                         'ti': tebibytes",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("max-buffer-time")
-                .long("max-buffer-time")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .hide(true)
-                .help("Milliseconds to buffer before streaming search results to console")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Amount of time in milliseconds to buffer, before streaming the search \
-                         results to the console.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("changed-within")
-                .long("changed-within")
-                .alias("change-newer-than")
-                .alias("newer")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("date|dur")
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .help("Filter by file modification time (newer than)")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Filter results based on the file modification time. The argument can be provided \
-                     as a specific point in time (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS) or as a duration (10h, 1d, 35min). \
-                     If the time is not specified, it defaults to 00:00:00. \
-                     '--change-newer-than' or '--newer' can be used as aliases.\n\
-                     Examples:\n    \
-                         --changed-within 2weeks\n    \
-                         --change-newer-than '2018-10-27 10:00:00'\n    \
-                         --newer 2018-10-27",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("changed-before")
-                .long("changed-before")
-                .alias("change-older-than")
-                .alias("older")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("date|dur")
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .help("Filter by file modification time (older than)")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Filter results based on the file modification time. The argument can be provided \
-                     as a specific point in time (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS) or as a duration (10h, 1d, 35min). \
-                     '--change-older-than' or '--older' can be used as aliases.\n\
-                     Examples:\n    \
-                         --changed-before '2018-10-27 10:00:00'\n    \
-                         --change-older-than 2weeks\n    \
-                         --older 2018-10-27",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("max-results")
-                .long("max-results")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("count")
-                // We currently do not support --max-results in combination with
-                // program execution because the results that come up in a --max-results
-                // search are non-deterministic. Users might think that they can run the
-                // same search with `--exec rm` attached and get a reliable removal of
-                // the files they saw in the previous search.
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["exec", "exec-batch", "list-details"])
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Limit number of search results")
-                .long_help("Limit the number of search results to 'count' and quit immediately."),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("max-one-result")
-                .short('1')
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .overrides_with("max-results")
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["exec", "exec-batch", "list-details"])
-                .help("Limit search to a single result")
-                .long_help("Limit the search to a single result and quit immediately. \
-                                This is an alias for '--max-results=1'.")
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("quiet")
-                .long("quiet")
-                .short('q')
-                .alias("has-results")
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["exec", "exec-batch", "list-details", "max-results"])
-                .help("Print nothing, exit code 0 if match found, 1 otherwise")
-                .long_help(
-                    "When the flag is present, the program does not print anything and will \
-                     return with an exit code of 0 if there is at least one match. Otherwise, the \
-                     exit code will be 1. \
-                     '--has-results' can be used as an alias."
-                )
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("show-errors")
-                .long("show-errors")
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .overrides_with("show-errors")
-                .help("Show filesystem errors")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Enable the display of filesystem errors for situations such as \
-                         insufficient permissions or dead symlinks.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("base-directory")
-                .long("base-directory")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("path")
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Change current working directory")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Change the current working directory of fd to the provided path. This \
-                         means that search results will be shown with respect to the given base \
-                         path. Note that relative paths which are passed to fd via the positional \
-                         <path> argument or the '--search-path' option will also be resolved \
-                         relative to this directory.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("pattern")
-            .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
-            .help(
-                "the search pattern (a regular expression, unless '--glob' is used; optional)",
-            ).long_help(
-                "the search pattern which is either a regular expression (default) or a glob \
-                 pattern (if --glob is used). If no pattern has been specified, every entry \
-                 is considered a match. If your pattern starts with a dash (-), make sure to \
-                 pass '--' first, or it will be considered as a flag (fd -- '-foo').")
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("path-separator")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("separator")
-                .long("path-separator")
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Set path separator when printing file paths")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Set the path separator to use when printing file paths. The default is \
-                         the OS-specific separator ('/' on Unix, '\\' on Windows).",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("path")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
-                .help("the root directory for the filesystem search (optional)")
-                .long_help(
-                    "The directory where the filesystem search is rooted (optional). If \
-                         omitted, search the current working directory.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("search-path")
-                .long("search-path")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .conflicts_with("path")
-                .multiple_occurrences(true)
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .allow_invalid_utf8(true)
-                .help("Provide paths to search as an alternative to the positional <path>")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Provide paths to search as an alternative to the positional <path> \
-                         argument. Changes the usage to `fd [OPTIONS] --search-path <path> \
-                         --search-path <path2> [<pattern>]`",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::new("strip-cwd-prefix")
-                .long("strip-cwd-prefix")
-                .conflicts_with_all(&["path", "search-path"])
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("strip './' prefix from non-tty outputs")
-                .long_help(
-                    "By default, relative paths are prefixed with './' when the output goes to a non \
-                     interactive terminal (TTY). Use this flag to disable this behaviour."
-                )
-        );
-
-    if cfg!(unix) {
-        app = app.arg(
-            Arg::new("owner")
-                .long("owner")
-                .short('o')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .value_name("user:group")
-                .help("Filter by owning user and/or group")
-                .long_help(
-                    "Filter files by their user and/or group. \
-                     Format: [(user|uid)][:(group|gid)]. Either side is optional. \
-                     Precede either side with a '!' to exclude files instead.\n\
-                     Examples:\n    \
-                         --owner john\n    \
-                         --owner :students\n    \
-                         --owner '!john:students'",
-                ),
-        );
-    }
-
-    // Make `--one-file-system` available only on Unix and Windows platforms, as per the
-    // restrictions on the corresponding option in the `ignore` crate.
-    // Provide aliases `mount` and `xdev` for people coming from `find`.
-    if cfg!(any(unix, windows)) {
-        app = app.arg(
-            Arg::new("one-file-system")
-                .long("one-file-system")
-                .aliases(&["mount", "xdev"])
-                .hide_short_help(true)
-                .help("Do not descend into a different file system")
-                .long_help(
-                    "By default, fd will traverse the file system tree as far as other options \
-                     dictate. With this flag, fd ensures that it does not descend into a \
-                     different file system than the one it started in. Comparable to the -mount \
-                     or -xdev filters of find(1).",
-                ),
-        );
-    }
-
-    app
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn verify_app() {
-    build_app().debug_assert()
-}

src/cli.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,911 @@
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+use clap::{
+    error::ErrorKind, value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, ArgGroup, ArgMatches, Command, Parser,
+    ValueEnum,
+};
+#[cfg(feature = "completions")]
+use clap_complete::Shell;
+use normpath::PathExt;
+
+use crate::error::print_error;
+use crate::exec::CommandSet;
+use crate::filesystem;
+#[cfg(unix)]
+use crate::filter::OwnerFilter;
+use crate::filter::SizeFilter;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(
+    name = "fd",
+    version,
+    about = "A program to find entries in your filesystem",
+    after_long_help = "Bugs can be reported on GitHub: https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/issues",
+    max_term_width = 98,
+    args_override_self = true,
+    group(ArgGroup::new("execs").args(&["exec", "exec_batch", "list_details"]).conflicts_with_all(&[
+            "max_results", "quiet", "max_one_result"])),
+)]
+pub struct Opts {
+    /// Include hidden directories and files in the search results (default:
+    /// hidden files and directories are skipped). Files and directories are
+    /// considered to be hidden if their name starts with a `.` sign (dot).
+    /// Any files or directories that are ignored due to the rules described by
+    /// --no-ignore are still ignored unless otherwise specified.
+    /// The flag can be overridden with --no-hidden.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 'H',
+        help = "Search hidden files and directories",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub hidden: bool,
+
+    /// Overrides --hidden
+    #[arg(long, overrides_with = "hidden", hide = true, action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+    no_hidden: (),
+
+    /// Show search results from files and directories that would otherwise be
+    /// ignored by '.gitignore', '.ignore', '.fdignore', or the global ignore file,
+    /// The flag can be overridden with --ignore.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 'I',
+        help = "Do not respect .(git|fd)ignore files",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub no_ignore: bool,
+
+    /// Overrides --no-ignore
+    #[arg(long, overrides_with = "no_ignore", hide = true, action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+    ignore: (),
+
+    ///Show search results from files and directories that
+    ///would otherwise be ignored by '.gitignore' files.
+    ///The flag can be overridden with --ignore-vcs.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        help = "Do not respect .gitignore files",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub no_ignore_vcs: bool,
+
+    /// Overrides --no-ignore-vcs
+    #[arg(long, overrides_with = "no_ignore_vcs", hide = true, action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+    ignore_vcs: (),
+
+    /// Do not require a git repository to respect gitignores.
+    /// By default, fd will only respect global gitignore rules, .gitignore rules,
+    /// and local exclude rules if fd detects that you are searching inside a
+    /// git repository. This flag allows you to relax this restriction such that
+    /// fd will respect all git related ignore rules regardless of whether you're
+    /// searching in a git repository or not.
+    ///
+    ///
+    /// This flag can be disabled with --require-git.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        overrides_with = "require_git",
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        // same description as ripgrep's flag: ripgrep/crates/core/app.rs
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub no_require_git: bool,
+
+    /// Overrides --no-require-git
+    #[arg(long, overrides_with = "no_require_git", hide = true, action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+    require_git: (),
+
+    /// Show search results from files and directories that would otherwise be
+    /// ignored by '.gitignore', '.ignore', or '.fdignore' files in parent directories.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        help = "Do not respect .(git|fd)ignore files in parent directories",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub no_ignore_parent: bool,
+
+    /// Do not respect the global ignore file
+    #[arg(long, hide = true)]
+    pub no_global_ignore_file: bool,
+
+    /// Perform an unrestricted search, including ignored and hidden files. This is
+    /// an alias for '--no-ignore --hidden'.
+    #[arg(long = "unrestricted", short = 'u', overrides_with_all(&["ignore", "no_hidden"]), action(ArgAction::Count), hide_short_help = true,
+    help = "Unrestricted search, alias for '--no-ignore --hidden'",
+        long_help,
+        )]
+    rg_alias_hidden_ignore: u8,
+
+    /// Case-sensitive search (default: smart case)
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 's',
+        overrides_with("ignore_case"),
+        long_help = "Perform a case-sensitive search. By default, fd uses case-insensitive \
+                     searches, unless the pattern contains an uppercase character (smart \
+                     case)."
+    )]
+    pub case_sensitive: bool,
+
+    /// Perform a case-insensitive search. By default, fd uses case-insensitive
+    /// searches, unless the pattern contains an uppercase character (smart
+    /// case).
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 'i',
+        overrides_with("case_sensitive"),
+        help = "Case-insensitive search (default: smart case)",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub ignore_case: bool,
+
+    /// Perform a glob-based search instead of a regular expression search.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 'g',
+        conflicts_with("fixed_strings"),
+        help = "Glob-based search (default: regular expression)",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub glob: bool,
+
+    /// Perform a regular-expression based search (default). This can be used to
+    /// override --glob.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        overrides_with("glob"),
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        help = "Regular-expression based search (default)",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub regex: bool,
+
+    /// Treat the pattern as a literal string instead of a regular expression. Note
+    /// that this also performs substring comparison. If you want to match on an
+    /// exact filename, consider using '--glob'.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 'F',
+        alias = "literal",
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        help = "Treat pattern as literal string stead of regex",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub fixed_strings: bool,
+
+    /// Add additional required search patterns, all of which must be matched. Multiple
+    /// additional patterns can be specified. The patterns are regular
+    /// expressions, unless '--glob' or '--fixed-strings' is used.
+    #[arg(
+        long = "and",
+        value_name = "pattern",
+        help = "Additional search patterns that need to be matched",
+        long_help,
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        allow_hyphen_values = true
+    )]
+    pub exprs: Option<Vec<String>>,
+
+    /// Shows the full path starting from the root as opposed to relative paths.
+    /// The flag can be overridden with --relative-path.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 'a',
+        help = "Show absolute instead of relative paths",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub absolute_path: bool,
+
+    /// Overrides --absolute-path
+    #[arg(long, overrides_with = "absolute_path", hide = true, action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+    relative_path: (),
+
+    /// Use a detailed listing format like 'ls -l'. This is basically an alias
+    /// for '--exec-batch ls -l' with some additional 'ls' options. This can be
+    /// used to see more metadata, to show symlink targets and to achieve a
+    /// deterministic sort order.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 'l',
+        conflicts_with("absolute_path"),
+        help = "Use a long listing format with file metadata",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub list_details: bool,
+
+    /// Follow symbolic links
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 'L',
+        alias = "dereference",
+        long_help = "By default, fd does not descend into symlinked directories. Using this \
+                     flag, symbolic links are also traversed. \
+                     Flag can be overridden with --no-follow."
+    )]
+    pub follow: bool,
+
+    /// Overrides --follow
+    #[arg(long, overrides_with = "follow", hide = true, action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+    no_follow: (),
+
+    /// By default, the search pattern is only matched against the filename (or directory name). Using this flag, the pattern is matched against the full (absolute) path. Example:
+    ///   fd --glob -p '**/.git/config'
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 'p',
+        help = "Search full abs. path (default: filename only)",
+        long_help,
+        verbatim_doc_comment
+    )]
+    pub full_path: bool,
+
+    /// Separate search results by the null character (instead of newlines).
+    /// Useful for piping results to 'xargs'.
+    #[arg(
+        long = "print0",
+        short = '0',
+        conflicts_with("list_details"),
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        help = "Separate search results by the null character",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub null_separator: bool,
+
+    /// Limit the directory traversal to a given depth. By default, there is no
+    /// limit on the search depth.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 'd',
+        value_name = "depth",
+        alias("maxdepth"),
+        help = "Set maximum search depth (default: none)",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    max_depth: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Only show search results starting at the given depth.
+    /// See also: '--max-depth' and '--exact-depth'
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        value_name = "depth",
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        help = "Only show search results starting at the given depth.",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    min_depth: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Only show search results at the exact given depth. This is an alias for
+    /// '--min-depth <depth> --max-depth <depth>'.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "depth", hide_short_help = true, conflicts_with_all(&["max_depth", "min_depth"]),
+    help = "Only show search results at the exact given depth",
+        long_help,
+        )]
+    exact_depth: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Exclude files/directories that match the given glob pattern. This
+    /// overrides any other ignore logic. Multiple exclude patterns can be
+    /// specified.
+    ///
+    /// Examples:
+    /// {n}  --exclude '*.pyc'
+    /// {n}  --exclude node_modules
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 'E',
+        value_name = "pattern",
+        help = "Exclude entries that match the given glob pattern",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub exclude: Vec<String>,
+
+    /// Do not traverse into directories that match the search criteria. If
+    /// you want to exclude specific directories, use the '--exclude=…' option.
+    #[arg(long, hide_short_help = true, conflicts_with_all(&["size", "exact_depth"]),
+        long_help,
+        )]
+    pub prune: bool,
+
+    /// Filter the search by type:
+    /// {n}  'f' or 'file':         regular files
+    /// {n}  'd' or 'dir' or 'directory':    directories
+    /// {n}  'l' or 'symlink':      symbolic links
+    /// {n}  's' or 'socket':       socket
+    /// {n}  'p' or 'pipe':         named pipe (FIFO)
+    /// {n}  'b' or 'block-device': block device
+    /// {n}  'c' or 'char-device':  character device
+    /// {n}{n}  'x' or 'executable':   executables
+    /// {n}  'e' or 'empty':        empty files or directories
+    ///
+    /// This option can be specified more than once to include multiple file types.
+    /// Searching for '--type file --type symlink' will show both regular files as
+    /// well as symlinks. Note that the 'executable' and 'empty' filters work differently:
+    /// '--type executable' implies '--type file' by default. And '--type empty' searches
+    /// for empty files and directories, unless either '--type file' or '--type directory'
+    /// is specified in addition.
+    ///
+    /// Examples:
+    /// {n}  - Only search for files:
+    /// {n}      fd --type file …
+    /// {n}      fd -tf …
+    /// {n}  - Find both files and symlinks
+    /// {n}      fd --type file --type symlink …
+    /// {n}      fd -tf -tl …
+    /// {n}  - Find executable files:
+    /// {n}      fd --type executable
+    /// {n}      fd -tx
+    /// {n}  - Find empty files:
+    /// {n}      fd --type empty --type file
+    /// {n}      fd -te -tf
+    /// {n}  - Find empty directories:
+    /// {n}      fd --type empty --type directory
+    /// {n}      fd -te -td
+    #[arg(
+        long = "type",
+        short = 't',
+        value_name = "filetype",
+        hide_possible_values = true,
+        value_enum,
+        help = "Filter by type: file (f), directory (d/dir), symlink (l), \
+                executable (x), empty (e), socket (s), pipe (p), \
+                char-device (c), block-device (b)",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub filetype: Option<Vec<FileType>>,
+
+    /// (Additionally) filter search results by their file extension. Multiple
+    /// allowable file extensions can be specified.
+    ///
+    /// If you want to search for files without extension,
+    /// you can use the regex '^[^.]+$' as a normal search pattern.
+    #[arg(
+        long = "extension",
+        short = 'e',
+        value_name = "ext",
+        help = "Filter by file extension",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub extensions: Option<Vec<String>>,
+
+    /// Limit results based on the size of files using the format <+-><NUM><UNIT>.
+    ///    '+': file size must be greater than or equal to this
+    ///    '-': file size must be less than or equal to this
+    ///
+    /// If neither '+' nor '-' is specified, file size must be exactly equal to this.
+    ///    'NUM':  The numeric size (e.g. 500)
+    ///    'UNIT': The units for NUM. They are not case-sensitive.
+    /// Allowed unit values:
+    ///     'b':  bytes
+    ///     'k':  kilobytes (base ten, 10^3 = 1000 bytes)
+    ///     'm':  megabytes
+    ///     'g':  gigabytes
+    ///     't':  terabytes
+    ///     'ki': kibibytes (base two, 2^10 = 1024 bytes)
+    ///     'mi': mebibytes
+    ///     'gi': gibibytes
+    ///     'ti': tebibytes
+    #[arg(long, short = 'S', value_parser = SizeFilter::from_string, allow_hyphen_values = true, verbatim_doc_comment, value_name = "size",
+        help = "Limit results based on the size of files",
+        long_help,
+        verbatim_doc_comment,
+        )]
+    pub size: Vec<SizeFilter>,
+
+    /// Filter results based on the file modification time. Files with modification times
+    /// greater than the argument are returned. The argument can be provided
+    /// as a specific point in time (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS or @timestamp) or as a duration (10h, 1d, 35min).
+    /// If the time is not specified, it defaults to 00:00:00.
+    /// '--change-newer-than', '--newer', or '--changed-after' can be used as aliases.
+    ///
+    /// Examples:
+    /// {n}    --changed-within 2weeks
+    /// {n}    --change-newer-than '2018-10-27 10:00:00'
+    /// {n}    --newer 2018-10-27
+    /// {n}    --changed-after 1day
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        alias("change-newer-than"),
+        alias("newer"),
+        alias("changed-after"),
+        value_name = "date|dur",
+        help = "Filter by file modification time (newer than)",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub changed_within: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Filter results based on the file modification time. Files with modification times
+    /// less than the argument are returned. The argument can be provided
+    /// as a specific point in time (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS or @timestamp) or as a duration (10h, 1d, 35min).
+    /// '--change-older-than' or '--older' can be used as aliases.
+    ///
+    /// Examples:
+    /// {n}    --changed-before '2018-10-27 10:00:00'
+    /// {n}    --change-older-than 2weeks
+    /// {n}    --older 2018-10-27
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        alias("change-older-than"),
+        alias("older"),
+        value_name = "date|dur",
+        help = "Filter by file modification time (older than)",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub changed_before: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Filter files by their user and/or group.
+    /// Format: [(user|uid)][:(group|gid)]. Either side is optional.
+    /// Precede either side with a '!' to exclude files instead.
+    ///
+    /// Examples:
+    /// {n}    --owner john
+    /// {n}    --owner :students
+    /// {n}    --owner '!john:students'
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[arg(long, short = 'o', value_parser = OwnerFilter::from_string, value_name = "user:group",
+        help = "Filter by owning user and/or group",
+        long_help,
+        )]
+    pub owner: Option<OwnerFilter>,
+
+    /// Instead of printing the file normally, print the format string with the following placeholders replaced:
+    ///   '{}': path (of the current search result)
+    ///   '{/}': basename
+    ///   '{//}': parent directory
+    ///   '{.}': path without file extension
+    ///   '{/.}': basename without file extension
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        value_name = "fmt",
+        help = "Print results according to template",
+        conflicts_with = "list_details"
+    )]
+    pub format: Option<String>,
+
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub exec: Exec,
+
+    /// Maximum number of arguments to pass to the command given with -X.
+    /// If the number of results is greater than the given size,
+    /// the command given with -X is run again with remaining arguments.
+    /// A batch size of zero means there is no limit (default), but note
+    /// that batching might still happen due to OS restrictions on the
+    /// maximum length of command lines.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        value_name = "size",
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        requires("exec_batch"),
+        value_parser = value_parser!(usize),
+        default_value_t,
+        help = "Max number of arguments to run as a batch size with -X",
+        long_help,
+    )]
+    pub batch_size: usize,
+
+    /// Add a custom ignore-file in '.gitignore' format. These files have a low precedence.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        value_name = "path",
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        help = "Add a custom ignore-file in '.gitignore' format",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub ignore_file: Vec<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Declare when to use color for the pattern match output
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 'c',
+        value_enum,
+        default_value_t = ColorWhen::Auto,
+        value_name = "when",
+        help = "When to use colors",
+        long_help,
+    )]
+    pub color: ColorWhen,
+
+    /// Set number of threads to use for searching & executing (default: number
+    /// of available CPU cores)
+    #[arg(long, short = 'j', value_name = "num", hide_short_help = true, value_parser = str::parse::<NonZeroUsize>)]
+    pub threads: Option<NonZeroUsize>,
+
+    /// Milliseconds to buffer before streaming search results to console
+    ///
+    /// Amount of time in milliseconds to buffer, before streaming the search
+    /// results to the console.
+    #[arg(long, hide = true, value_parser = parse_millis)]
+    pub max_buffer_time: Option<Duration>,
+
+    ///Limit the number of search results to 'count' and quit immediately.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        value_name = "count",
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        overrides_with("max_one_result"),
+        help = "Limit the number of search results",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    max_results: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Limit the search to a single result and quit immediately.
+    /// This is an alias for '--max-results=1'.
+    #[arg(
+        short = '1',
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        overrides_with("max_results"),
+        help = "Limit search to a single result",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    max_one_result: bool,
+
+    /// When the flag is present, the program does not print anything and will
+    /// return with an exit code of 0 if there is at least one match. Otherwise, the
+    /// exit code will be 1.
+    /// '--has-results' can be used as an alias.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        short = 'q',
+        alias = "has-results",
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        conflicts_with("max_results"),
+        help = "Print nothing, exit code 0 if match found, 1 otherwise",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub quiet: bool,
+
+    /// Enable the display of filesystem errors for situations such as
+    /// insufficient permissions or dead symlinks.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        help = "Show filesystem errors",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub show_errors: bool,
+
+    /// Change the current working directory of fd to the provided path. This
+    /// means that search results will be shown with respect to the given base
+    /// path. Note that relative paths which are passed to fd via the positional
+    /// <path> argument or the '--search-path' option will also be resolved
+    /// relative to this directory.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        value_name = "path",
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        help = "Change current working directory",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub base_directory: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// the search pattern which is either a regular expression (default) or a glob
+    /// pattern (if --glob is used). If no pattern has been specified, every entry
+    /// is considered a match. If your pattern starts with a dash (-), make sure to
+    /// pass '--' first, or it will be considered as a flag (fd -- '-foo').
+    #[arg(
+        default_value = "",
+        hide_default_value = true,
+        value_name = "pattern",
+        help = "the search pattern (a regular expression, unless '--glob' is used; optional)",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub pattern: String,
+
+    /// Set the path separator to use when printing file paths. The default is
+    /// the OS-specific separator ('/' on Unix, '\' on Windows).
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        value_name = "separator",
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        help = "Set path separator when printing file paths",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    pub path_separator: Option<String>,
+
+    /// The directory where the filesystem search is rooted (optional). If
+    /// omitted, search the current working directory.
+    #[arg(action = ArgAction::Append,
+        value_name = "path",
+        help = "the root directories for the filesystem search (optional)",
+        long_help,
+        )]
+    path: Vec<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Provide paths to search as an alternative to the positional <path>
+    /// argument. Changes the usage to `fd [OPTIONS] --search-path <path>
+    /// --search-path <path2> [<pattern>]`
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        conflicts_with("path"),
+        value_name = "search-path",
+        hide_short_help = true,
+        help = "Provides paths to search as an alternative to the positional <path> argument",
+        long_help
+    )]
+    search_path: Vec<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// By default, relative paths are prefixed with './' when -x/--exec,
+    /// -X/--exec-batch, or -0/--print0 are given, to reduce the risk of a
+    /// path starting with '-' being treated as a command line option. Use
+    /// this flag to change this behavior. If this flag is used without a value,
+    /// it is equivalent to passing "always".
+    #[arg(long, conflicts_with_all(&["path", "search_path"]), value_name = "when", hide_short_help = true, require_equals = true, long_help)]
+    strip_cwd_prefix: Option<Option<StripCwdWhen>>,
+
+    /// By default, fd will traverse the file system tree as far as other options
+    /// dictate. With this flag, fd ensures that it does not descend into a
+    /// different file system than the one it started in. Comparable to the -mount
+    /// or -xdev filters of find(1).
+    #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]
+    #[arg(long, aliases(&["mount", "xdev"]), hide_short_help = true, long_help)]
+    pub one_file_system: bool,
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "completions")]
+    #[arg(long, hide = true, exclusive = true)]
+    gen_completions: Option<Option<Shell>>,
+}
+
+impl Opts {
+    pub fn search_paths(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
+        // would it make sense to concatenate these?
+        let paths = if !self.path.is_empty() {
+            &self.path
+        } else if !self.search_path.is_empty() {
+            &self.search_path
+        } else {
+            let current_directory = Path::new("./");
+            ensure_current_directory_exists(current_directory)?;
+            return Ok(vec![self.normalize_path(current_directory)]);
+        };
+        Ok(paths
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|path| {
+                if filesystem::is_existing_directory(path) {
+                    Some(self.normalize_path(path))
+                } else {
+                    print_error(format!(
+                        "Search path '{}' is not a directory.",
+                        path.to_string_lossy()
+                    ));
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    fn normalize_path(&self, path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+        if self.absolute_path {
+            filesystem::absolute_path(path.normalize().unwrap().as_path()).unwrap()
+        } else if path == Path::new(".") {
+            // Change "." to "./" as a workaround for https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep/pull/2711
+            PathBuf::from("./")
+        } else {
+            path.to_path_buf()
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn no_search_paths(&self) -> bool {
+        self.path.is_empty() && self.search_path.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn rg_alias_ignore(&self) -> bool {
+        self.rg_alias_hidden_ignore > 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn max_depth(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.max_depth.or(self.exact_depth)
+    }
+
+    pub fn min_depth(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.min_depth.or(self.exact_depth)
+    }
+
+    pub fn threads(&self) -> NonZeroUsize {
+        self.threads.unwrap_or_else(default_num_threads)
+    }
+
+    pub fn max_results(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.max_results
+            .filter(|&m| m > 0)
+            .or_else(|| self.max_one_result.then_some(1))
+    }
+
+    pub fn strip_cwd_prefix<P: FnOnce() -> bool>(&self, auto_pred: P) -> bool {
+        use self::StripCwdWhen::*;
+        self.no_search_paths()
+            && match self.strip_cwd_prefix.map_or(Auto, |o| o.unwrap_or(Always)) {
+                Auto => auto_pred(),
+                Always => true,
+                Never => false,
+            }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "completions")]
+    pub fn gen_completions(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Option<Shell>> {
+        self.gen_completions
+            .map(|maybe_shell| match maybe_shell {
+                Some(sh) => Ok(sh),
+                None => {
+                    Shell::from_env().ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("Unable to get shell from environment"))
+                }
+            })
+            .transpose()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Get the default number of threads to use, if not explicitly specified.
+fn default_num_threads() -> NonZeroUsize {
+    // If we can't get the amount of parallelism for some reason, then
+    // default to a single thread, because that is safe.
+    let fallback = NonZeroUsize::MIN;
+    // To limit startup overhead on massively parallel machines, don't use more
+    // than 64 threads.
+    let limit = NonZeroUsize::new(64).unwrap();
+
+    std::thread::available_parallelism()
+        .unwrap_or(fallback)
+        .min(limit)
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, ValueEnum)]
+pub enum FileType {
+    #[value(alias = "f")]
+    File,
+    #[value(alias = "d", alias = "dir")]
+    Directory,
+    #[value(alias = "l")]
+    Symlink,
+    #[value(alias = "b")]
+    BlockDevice,
+    #[value(alias = "c")]
+    CharDevice,
+    /// A file which is executable by the current effective user
+    #[value(alias = "x")]
+    Executable,
+    #[value(alias = "e")]
+    Empty,
+    #[value(alias = "s")]
+    Socket,
+    #[value(alias = "p")]
+    Pipe,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, ValueEnum)]
+pub enum ColorWhen {
+    /// show colors if the output goes to an interactive console (default)
+    Auto,
+    /// always use colorized output
+    Always,
+    /// do not use colorized output
+    Never,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, ValueEnum)]
+pub enum StripCwdWhen {
+    /// Use the default behavior
+    Auto,
+    /// Always strip the ./ at the beginning of paths
+    Always,
+    /// Never strip the ./
+    Never,
+}
+
+// there isn't a derive api for getting grouped values yet,
+// so we have to use hand-rolled parsing for exec and exec-batch
+pub struct Exec {
+    pub command: Option<CommandSet>,
+}
+
+impl clap::FromArgMatches for Exec {
+    fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> clap::error::Result<Self> {
+        let command = matches
+            .get_occurrences::<String>("exec")
+            .map(CommandSet::new)
+            .or_else(|| {
+                matches
+                    .get_occurrences::<String>("exec_batch")
+                    .map(CommandSet::new_batch)
+            })
+            .transpose()
+            .map_err(|e| clap::Error::raw(ErrorKind::InvalidValue, e))?;
+        Ok(Exec { command })
+    }
+
+    fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) -> clap::error::Result<()> {
+        *self = Self::from_arg_matches(matches)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl clap::Args for Exec {
+    fn augment_args(cmd: Command) -> Command {
+        cmd.arg(Arg::new("exec")
+            .action(ArgAction::Append)
+            .long("exec")
+            .short('x')
+            .num_args(1..)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+                .value_terminator(";")
+                .value_name("cmd")
+                .conflicts_with("list_details")
+                .help("Execute a command for each search result")
+                .long_help(
+                    "Execute a command for each search result in parallel (use --threads=1 for sequential command execution). \
+                     There is no guarantee of the order commands are executed in, and the order should not be depended upon. \
+                     All positional arguments following --exec are considered to be arguments to the command - not to fd. \
+                     It is therefore recommended to place the '-x'/'--exec' option last.\n\
+                     The following placeholders are substituted before the command is executed:\n  \
+                       '{}':   path (of the current search result)\n  \
+                       '{/}':  basename\n  \
+                       '{//}': parent directory\n  \
+                       '{.}':  path without file extension\n  \
+                       '{/.}': basename without file extension\n  \
+                       '{{':   literal '{' (for escaping)\n  \
+                       '}}':   literal '}' (for escaping)\n\n\
+                     If no placeholder is present, an implicit \"{}\" at the end is assumed.\n\n\
+                     Examples:\n\n  \
+                       - find all *.zip files and unzip them:\n\n      \
+                           fd -e zip -x unzip\n\n  \
+                       - find *.h and *.cpp files and run \"clang-format -i ..\" for each of them:\n\n      \
+                           fd -e h -e cpp -x clang-format -i\n\n  \
+                       - Convert all *.jpg files to *.png files:\n\n      \
+                           fd -e jpg -x convert {} {.}.png\
+                    ",
+                ),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("exec_batch")
+                .action(ArgAction::Append)
+                .long("exec-batch")
+                .short('X')
+                .num_args(1..)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
+                .value_terminator(";")
+                .value_name("cmd")
+                .conflicts_with_all(["exec", "list_details"])
+                .help("Execute a command with all search results at once")
+                .long_help(
+                    "Execute the given command once, with all search results as arguments.\n\
+                     The order of the arguments is non-deterministic, and should not be relied upon.\n\
+                     One of the following placeholders is substituted before the command is executed:\n  \
+                       '{}':   path (of all search results)\n  \
+                       '{/}':  basename\n  \
+                       '{//}': parent directory\n  \
+                       '{.}':  path without file extension\n  \
+                       '{/.}': basename without file extension\n  \
+                       '{{':   literal '{' (for escaping)\n  \
+                       '}}':   literal '}' (for escaping)\n\n\
+                     If no placeholder is present, an implicit \"{}\" at the end is assumed.\n\n\
+                     Examples:\n\n  \
+                       - Find all test_*.py files and open them in your favorite editor:\n\n      \
+                           fd -g 'test_*.py' -X vim\n\n  \
+                       - Find all *.rs files and count the lines with \"wc -l ...\":\n\n      \
+                           fd -e rs -X wc -l\
+                     "
+                ),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn augment_args_for_update(cmd: Command) -> Command {
+        Self::augment_args(cmd)
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_millis(arg: &str) -> Result<Duration, std::num::ParseIntError> {
+    Ok(Duration::from_millis(arg.parse()?))
+}
+
+fn ensure_current_directory_exists(current_directory: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    if filesystem::is_existing_directory(current_directory) {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(anyhow!(
+            "Could not retrieve current directory (has it been deleted?)."
+        ))
+    }
+}

src/config.rs

@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ use std::{path::PathBuf, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
 use lscolors::LsColors;
 use regex::bytes::RegexSet;
 
-use crate::exec::CommandTemplate;
+use crate::exec::CommandSet;
 use crate::filetypes::FileTypes;
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use crate::filter::OwnerFilter;
 use crate::filter::{SizeFilter, TimeFilter};
+use crate::fmt::FormatTemplate;
 
 /// Configuration options for *fd*.
 pub struct Config {
@@ -30,6 +31,9 @@ pub struct Config {
     /// Whether to respect VCS ignore files (`.gitignore`, ..) or not.
     pub read_vcsignore: bool,
 
+    /// Whether to require a `.git` directory to respect gitignore files.
+    pub require_git_to_read_vcsignore: bool,
+
     /// Whether to respect the global ignore file or not.
     pub read_global_ignore: bool,
 
@@ -82,8 +86,11 @@ pub struct Config {
     /// The value (if present) will be a lowercase string without leading dots.
     pub extensions: Option<RegexSet>,
 
+    /// A format string to use to format results, similarly to exec
+    pub format: Option<FormatTemplate>,
+
     /// If a value is supplied, each item found will be used to generate and execute commands.
-    pub command: Option<Arc<CommandTemplate>>,
+    pub command: Option<Arc<CommandSet>>,
 
     /// Maximum number of search results to pass to each `command`. If zero, the number is
     /// unlimited.
@@ -111,9 +118,19 @@ pub struct Config {
     /// The separator used to print file paths.
     pub path_separator: Option<String>,
 
+    /// The actual separator, either the system default separator or `path_separator`
+    pub actual_path_separator: String,
+
     /// The maximum number of search results
     pub max_results: Option<usize>,
 
     /// Whether or not to strip the './' prefix for search results
     pub strip_cwd_prefix: bool,
 }
+
+impl Config {
+    /// Check whether results are being printed.
+    pub fn is_printing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.command.is_none()
+    }
+}

src/dir_entry.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+use std::cell::OnceCell;
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::fs::{FileType, Metadata};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use lscolors::{Colorable, LsColors, Style};
+
+use crate::config::Config;
+use crate::filesystem::strip_current_dir;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum DirEntryInner {
+    Normal(ignore::DirEntry),
+    BrokenSymlink(PathBuf),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DirEntry {
+    inner: DirEntryInner,
+    metadata: OnceCell<Option<Metadata>>,
+    style: OnceCell<Option<Style>>,
+}
+
+impl DirEntry {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn normal(e: ignore::DirEntry) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: DirEntryInner::Normal(e),
+            metadata: OnceCell::new(),
+            style: OnceCell::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn broken_symlink(path: PathBuf) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: DirEntryInner::BrokenSymlink(path),
+            metadata: OnceCell::new(),
+            style: OnceCell::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn path(&self) -> &Path {
+        match &self.inner {
+            DirEntryInner::Normal(e) => e.path(),
+            DirEntryInner::BrokenSymlink(pathbuf) => pathbuf.as_path(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_path(self) -> PathBuf {
+        match self.inner {
+            DirEntryInner::Normal(e) => e.into_path(),
+            DirEntryInner::BrokenSymlink(p) => p,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the path as it should be presented to the user.
+    pub fn stripped_path(&self, config: &Config) -> &Path {
+        if config.strip_cwd_prefix {
+            strip_current_dir(self.path())
+        } else {
+            self.path()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the path as it should be presented to the user.
+    pub fn into_stripped_path(self, config: &Config) -> PathBuf {
+        if config.strip_cwd_prefix {
+            self.stripped_path(config).to_path_buf()
+        } else {
+            self.into_path()
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn file_type(&self) -> Option<FileType> {
+        match &self.inner {
+            DirEntryInner::Normal(e) => e.file_type(),
+            DirEntryInner::BrokenSymlink(_) => self.metadata().map(|m| m.file_type()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn metadata(&self) -> Option<&Metadata> {
+        self.metadata
+            .get_or_init(|| match &self.inner {
+                DirEntryInner::Normal(e) => e.metadata().ok(),
+                DirEntryInner::BrokenSymlink(path) => path.symlink_metadata().ok(),
+            })
+            .as_ref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn depth(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        match &self.inner {
+            DirEntryInner::Normal(e) => Some(e.depth()),
+            DirEntryInner::BrokenSymlink(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn style(&self, ls_colors: &LsColors) -> Option<&Style> {
+        self.style
+            .get_or_init(|| ls_colors.style_for(self).cloned())
+            .as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for DirEntry {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.path() == other.path()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for DirEntry {}
+
+impl PartialOrd for DirEntry {
+    #[inline]
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for DirEntry {
+    #[inline]
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        self.path().cmp(other.path())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Colorable for DirEntry {
+    fn path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.path().to_owned()
+    }
+
+    fn file_name(&self) -> OsString {
+        let name = match &self.inner {
+            DirEntryInner::Normal(e) => e.file_name(),
+            DirEntryInner::BrokenSymlink(path) => {
+                // Path::file_name() only works if the last component is Normal,
+                // but we want it for all component types, so we open code it.
+                // Copied from LsColors::style_for_path_with_metadata().
+                path.components()
+                    .last()
+                    .map(|c| c.as_os_str())
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| path.as_os_str())
+            }
+        };
+        name.to_owned()
+    }
+
+    fn file_type(&self) -> Option<FileType> {
+        self.file_type()
+    }
+
+    fn metadata(&self) -> Option<Metadata> {
+        self.metadata().cloned()
+    }
+}

src/exec/command.rs

@@ -1,51 +1,109 @@
 use std::io;
 use std::io::Write;
-use std::process::Command;
 use std::sync::Mutex;
 
+use argmax::Command;
+
 use crate::error::print_error;
 use crate::exit_codes::ExitCode;
 
+struct Outputs {
+    stdout: Vec<u8>,
+    stderr: Vec<u8>,
+}
+struct OutputBuffer<'a> {
+    output_permission: &'a Mutex<()>,
+    outputs: Vec<Outputs>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> OutputBuffer<'a> {
+    fn new(output_permission: &'a Mutex<()>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            output_permission,
+            outputs: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn push(&mut self, stdout: Vec<u8>, stderr: Vec<u8>) {
+        self.outputs.push(Outputs { stdout, stderr });
+    }
+
+    fn write(self) {
+        // avoid taking the lock if there is nothing to do
+        if self.outputs.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        // While this lock is active, this thread will be the only thread allowed
+        // to write its outputs.
+        let _lock = self.output_permission.lock().unwrap();
+
+        let stdout = io::stdout();
+        let stderr = io::stderr();
+
+        let mut stdout = stdout.lock();
+        let mut stderr = stderr.lock();
+
+        for output in self.outputs.iter() {
+            let _ = stdout.write_all(&output.stdout);
+            let _ = stderr.write_all(&output.stderr);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Executes a command.
-pub fn execute_command(
-    mut cmd: Command,
+pub fn execute_commands<I: Iterator<Item = io::Result<Command>>>(
+    cmds: I,
     out_perm: &Mutex<()>,
     enable_output_buffering: bool,
 ) -> ExitCode {
-    // Spawn the supplied command.
-    let output = if enable_output_buffering {
-        cmd.output()
-    } else {
-        // If running on only one thread, don't buffer output
-        // Allows for viewing and interacting with intermediate command output
-        cmd.spawn().and_then(|c| c.wait_with_output())
-    };
+    let mut output_buffer = OutputBuffer::new(out_perm);
+    for result in cmds {
+        let mut cmd = match result {
+            Ok(cmd) => cmd,
+            Err(e) => return handle_cmd_error(None, e),
+        };
 
-    // Then wait for the command to exit, if it was spawned.
-    match output {
-        Ok(output) => {
-            // While this lock is active, this thread will be the only thread allowed
-            // to write its outputs.
-            let _lock = out_perm.lock().unwrap();
+        // Spawn the supplied command.
+        let output = if enable_output_buffering {
+            cmd.output()
+        } else {
+            // If running on only one thread, don't buffer output
+            // Allows for viewing and interacting with intermediate command output
+            cmd.spawn().and_then(|c| c.wait_with_output())
+        };
 
-            let stdout = io::stdout();
-            let stderr = io::stderr();
-
-            let _ = stdout.lock().write_all(&output.stdout);
-            let _ = stderr.lock().write_all(&output.stderr);
-
-            if output.status.code() == Some(0) {
-                ExitCode::Success
-            } else {
-                ExitCode::GeneralError
+        // Then wait for the command to exit, if it was spawned.
+        match output {
+            Ok(output) => {
+                if enable_output_buffering {
+                    output_buffer.push(output.stdout, output.stderr);
+                }
+                if output.status.code() != Some(0) {
+                    output_buffer.write();
+                    return ExitCode::GeneralError;
+                }
+            }
+            Err(why) => {
+                output_buffer.write();
+                return handle_cmd_error(Some(&cmd), why);
             }
         }
-        Err(ref why) if why.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
-            print_error(format!("Command not found: {:?}", cmd));
+    }
+    output_buffer.write();
+    ExitCode::Success
+}
+
+pub fn handle_cmd_error(cmd: Option<&Command>, err: io::Error) -> ExitCode {
+    match (cmd, err) {
+        (Some(cmd), err) if err.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
+            print_error(format!(
+                "Command not found: {}",
+                cmd.get_program().to_string_lossy()
+            ));
             ExitCode::GeneralError
         }
-        Err(why) => {
-            print_error(format!("Problem while executing command: {}", why));
+        (_, err) => {
+            print_error(format!("Problem while executing command: {}", err));
             ExitCode::GeneralError
         }
     }

src/exec/job.rs

@@ -1,77 +1,67 @@
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::mpsc::Receiver;
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::sync::Mutex;
 
+use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::error::print_error;
 use crate::exit_codes::{merge_exitcodes, ExitCode};
 use crate::walk::WorkerResult;
 
-use super::CommandTemplate;
+use super::CommandSet;
 
 /// An event loop that listens for inputs from the `rx` receiver. Each received input will
 /// generate a command with the supplied command template. The generated command will then
 /// be executed, and this process will continue until the receiver's sender has closed.
 pub fn job(
-    rx: Arc<Mutex<Receiver<WorkerResult>>>,
-    cmd: Arc<CommandTemplate>,
-    out_perm: Arc<Mutex<()>>,
-    show_filesystem_errors: bool,
-    buffer_output: bool,
+    results: impl IntoIterator<Item = WorkerResult>,
+    cmd: &CommandSet,
+    out_perm: &Mutex<()>,
+    config: &Config,
 ) -> ExitCode {
-    let mut results: Vec<ExitCode> = Vec::new();
-    loop {
-        // Create a lock on the shared receiver for this thread.
-        let lock = rx.lock().unwrap();
+    // Output should be buffered when only running a single thread
+    let buffer_output: bool = config.threads > 1;
 
+    let mut ret = ExitCode::Success;
+    for result in results {
         // Obtain the next result from the receiver, else if the channel
         // has closed, exit from the loop
-        let value: PathBuf = match lock.recv() {
-            Ok(WorkerResult::Entry(path)) => path,
-            Ok(WorkerResult::Error(err)) => {
-                if show_filesystem_errors {
+        let dir_entry = match result {
+            WorkerResult::Entry(dir_entry) => dir_entry,
+            WorkerResult::Error(err) => {
+                if config.show_filesystem_errors {
                     print_error(err.to_string());
                 }
                 continue;
             }
-            Err(_) => break,
         };
 
-        // Drop the lock so that other threads can read from the receiver.
-        drop(lock);
         // Generate a command, execute it and store its exit code.
-        results.push(cmd.generate_and_execute(&value, Arc::clone(&out_perm), buffer_output))
+        let code = cmd.execute(
+            dir_entry.stripped_path(config),
+            config.path_separator.as_deref(),
+            out_perm,
+            buffer_output,
+        );
+        ret = merge_exitcodes([ret, code]);
     }
     // Returns error in case of any error.
-    merge_exitcodes(results)
+    ret
 }
 
 pub fn batch(
-    rx: Receiver<WorkerResult>,
-    cmd: &CommandTemplate,
-    show_filesystem_errors: bool,
-    buffer_output: bool,
-    limit: usize,
+    results: impl IntoIterator<Item = WorkerResult>,
+    cmd: &CommandSet,
+    config: &Config,
 ) -> ExitCode {
-    let paths = rx.iter().filter_map(|value| match value {
-        WorkerResult::Entry(path) => Some(path),
-        WorkerResult::Error(err) => {
-            if show_filesystem_errors {
-                print_error(err.to_string());
+    let paths = results
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter_map(|worker_result| match worker_result {
+            WorkerResult::Entry(dir_entry) => Some(dir_entry.into_stripped_path(config)),
+            WorkerResult::Error(err) => {
+                if config.show_filesystem_errors {
+                    print_error(err.to_string());
+                }
+                None
             }
-            None
-        }
-    });
-    if limit == 0 {
-        // no limit
-        return cmd.generate_and_execute_batch(paths, buffer_output);
-    }
+        });
 
-    let mut exit_codes = Vec::new();
-    let mut peekable = paths.peekable();
-    while peekable.peek().is_some() {
-        let limited = peekable.by_ref().take(limit);
-        let exit_code = cmd.generate_and_execute_batch(limited, buffer_output);
-        exit_codes.push(exit_code);
-    }
-    merge_exitcodes(exit_codes)
+    cmd.execute_batch(paths, config.batch_size, config.path_separator.as_deref())
 }

src/exec/mod.rs

@@ -1,27 +1,24 @@
 mod command;
-mod input;
 mod job;
-mod token;
 
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf, Prefix};
-use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::io;
+use std::iter;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::process::Stdio;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
 
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use regex::Regex;
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use argmax::Command;
 
-use crate::exit_codes::ExitCode;
+use crate::exit_codes::{merge_exitcodes, ExitCode};
+use crate::fmt::{FormatTemplate, Token};
 
-use self::command::execute_command;
-use self::input::{basename, dirname, remove_extension};
+use self::command::{execute_commands, handle_cmd_error};
 pub use self::job::{batch, job};
-use self::token::Token;
 
 /// Execution mode of the command
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ExecutionMode {
     /// Command is executed for each search result
     OneByOne,
@@ -29,104 +26,231 @@ pub enum ExecutionMode {
     Batch,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CommandSet {
+    mode: ExecutionMode,
+    commands: Vec<CommandTemplate>,
+}
+
+impl CommandSet {
+    pub fn new<I, T, S>(input: I) -> Result<CommandSet>
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
+        S: AsRef<str>,
+    {
+        Ok(CommandSet {
+            mode: ExecutionMode::OneByOne,
+            commands: input
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(CommandTemplate::new)
+                .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_batch<I, T, S>(input: I) -> Result<CommandSet>
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
+        S: AsRef<str>,
+    {
+        Ok(CommandSet {
+            mode: ExecutionMode::Batch,
+            commands: input
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|args| {
+                    let cmd = CommandTemplate::new(args)?;
+                    if cmd.number_of_tokens() > 1 {
+                        bail!("Only one placeholder allowed for batch commands");
+                    }
+                    if cmd.args[0].has_tokens() {
+                        bail!("First argument of exec-batch is expected to be a fixed executable");
+                    }
+                    Ok(cmd)
+                })
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn in_batch_mode(&self) -> bool {
+        self.mode == ExecutionMode::Batch
+    }
+
+    pub fn execute(
+        &self,
+        input: &Path,
+        path_separator: Option<&str>,
+        out_perm: &Mutex<()>,
+        buffer_output: bool,
+    ) -> ExitCode {
+        let commands = self
+            .commands
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| c.generate(input, path_separator));
+        execute_commands(commands, out_perm, buffer_output)
+    }
+
+    pub fn execute_batch<I>(&self, paths: I, limit: usize, path_separator: Option<&str>) -> ExitCode
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = PathBuf>,
+    {
+        let builders: io::Result<Vec<_>> = self
+            .commands
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| CommandBuilder::new(c, limit))
+            .collect();
+
+        match builders {
+            Ok(mut builders) => {
+                for path in paths {
+                    for builder in &mut builders {
+                        if let Err(e) = builder.push(&path, path_separator) {
+                            return handle_cmd_error(Some(&builder.cmd), e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                for builder in &mut builders {
+                    if let Err(e) = builder.finish() {
+                        return handle_cmd_error(Some(&builder.cmd), e);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                merge_exitcodes(builders.iter().map(|b| b.exit_code()))
+            }
+            Err(e) => handle_cmd_error(None, e),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a multi-exec command as it is built.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct CommandBuilder {
+    pre_args: Vec<OsString>,
+    path_arg: FormatTemplate,
+    post_args: Vec<OsString>,
+    cmd: Command,
+    count: usize,
+    limit: usize,
+    exit_code: ExitCode,
+}
+
+impl CommandBuilder {
+    fn new(template: &CommandTemplate, limit: usize) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let mut pre_args = vec![];
+        let mut path_arg = None;
+        let mut post_args = vec![];
+
+        for arg in &template.args {
+            if arg.has_tokens() {
+                path_arg = Some(arg.clone());
+            } else if path_arg.is_none() {
+                pre_args.push(arg.generate("", None));
+            } else {
+                post_args.push(arg.generate("", None));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let cmd = Self::new_command(&pre_args)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            pre_args,
+            path_arg: path_arg.unwrap(),
+            post_args,
+            cmd,
+            count: 0,
+            limit,
+            exit_code: ExitCode::Success,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn new_command(pre_args: &[OsString]) -> io::Result<Command> {
+        let mut cmd = Command::new(&pre_args[0]);
+        cmd.stdin(Stdio::inherit());
+        cmd.stdout(Stdio::inherit());
+        cmd.stderr(Stdio::inherit());
+        cmd.try_args(&pre_args[1..])?;
+        Ok(cmd)
+    }
+
+    fn push(&mut self, path: &Path, separator: Option<&str>) -> io::Result<()> {
+        if self.limit > 0 && self.count >= self.limit {
+            self.finish()?;
+        }
+
+        let arg = self.path_arg.generate(path, separator);
+        if !self
+            .cmd
+            .args_would_fit(iter::once(&arg).chain(&self.post_args))
+        {
+            self.finish()?;
+        }
+
+        self.cmd.try_arg(arg)?;
+        self.count += 1;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn finish(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        if self.count > 0 {
+            self.cmd.try_args(&self.post_args)?;
+            if !self.cmd.status()?.success() {
+                self.exit_code = ExitCode::GeneralError;
+            }
+
+            self.cmd = Self::new_command(&self.pre_args)?;
+            self.count = 0;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn exit_code(&self) -> ExitCode {
+        self.exit_code
+    }
+}
+
 /// Represents a template that is utilized to generate command strings.
 ///
 /// The template is meant to be coupled with an input in order to generate a command. The
 /// `generate_and_execute()` method will be used to generate a command and execute it.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub struct CommandTemplate {
-    args: Vec<ArgumentTemplate>,
-    mode: ExecutionMode,
-    path_separator: Option<String>,
+struct CommandTemplate {
+    args: Vec<FormatTemplate>,
 }
 
 impl CommandTemplate {
-    pub fn new<I, S>(input: I, path_separator: Option<String>) -> CommandTemplate
+    fn new<I, S>(input: I) -> Result<CommandTemplate>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
         S: AsRef<str>,
     {
-        Self::build(input, ExecutionMode::OneByOne, path_separator)
-    }
-
-    pub fn new_batch<I, S>(input: I, path_separator: Option<String>) -> Result<CommandTemplate>
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
-        S: AsRef<str>,
-    {
-        let cmd = Self::build(input, ExecutionMode::Batch, path_separator);
-        if cmd.number_of_tokens() > 1 {
-            return Err(anyhow!("Only one placeholder allowed for batch commands"));
-        }
-        if cmd.args[0].has_tokens() {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "First argument of exec-batch is expected to be a fixed executable"
-            ));
-        }
-        Ok(cmd)
-    }
-
-    fn build<I, S>(input: I, mode: ExecutionMode, path_separator: Option<String>) -> CommandTemplate
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
-        S: AsRef<str>,
-    {
-        static PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN: Lazy<Regex> =
-            Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\{(/?\.?|//)\}").unwrap());
-
         let mut args = Vec::new();
         let mut has_placeholder = false;
 
         for arg in input {
             let arg = arg.as_ref();
 
-            let mut tokens = Vec::new();
-            let mut start = 0;
+            let tmpl = FormatTemplate::parse(arg);
+            has_placeholder |= tmpl.has_tokens();
+            args.push(tmpl);
+        }
 
-            for placeholder in PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN.find_iter(arg) {
-                // Leading text before the placeholder.
-                if placeholder.start() > start {
-                    tokens.push(Token::Text(arg[start..placeholder.start()].to_owned()));
-                }
-
-                start = placeholder.end();
-
-                match placeholder.as_str() {
-                    "{}" => tokens.push(Token::Placeholder),
-                    "{.}" => tokens.push(Token::NoExt),
-                    "{/}" => tokens.push(Token::Basename),
-                    "{//}" => tokens.push(Token::Parent),
-                    "{/.}" => tokens.push(Token::BasenameNoExt),
-                    _ => unreachable!("Unhandled placeholder"),
-                }
-
-                has_placeholder = true;
-            }
-
-            // Without a placeholder, the argument is just fixed text.
-            if tokens.is_empty() {
-                args.push(ArgumentTemplate::Text(arg.to_owned()));
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if start < arg.len() {
-                // Trailing text after last placeholder.
-                tokens.push(Token::Text(arg[start..].to_owned()));
-            }
-
-            args.push(ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(tokens));
+        // We need to check that we have at least one argument, because if not
+        // it will try to execute each file and directory it finds.
+        //
+        // Sadly, clap can't currently handle this for us, see
+        // https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3542
+        if args.is_empty() {
+            bail!("No executable provided for --exec or --exec-batch");
         }
 
         // If a placeholder token was not supplied, append one at the end of the command.
         if !has_placeholder {
-            args.push(ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Placeholder]));
+            args.push(FormatTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Placeholder]));
         }
 
-        CommandTemplate {
-            args,
-            mode,
-            path_separator,
-        }
+        Ok(CommandTemplate { args })
     }
 
     fn number_of_tokens(&self) -> usize {
@@ -136,162 +260,13 @@ impl CommandTemplate {
     /// Generates and executes a command.
     ///
     /// Using the internal `args` field, and a supplied `input` variable, a `Command` will be
-    /// build. Once all arguments have been processed, the command is executed.
-    pub fn generate_and_execute(
-        &self,
-        input: &Path,
-        out_perm: Arc<Mutex<()>>,
-        buffer_output: bool,
-    ) -> ExitCode {
-        let mut cmd = Command::new(self.args[0].generate(&input, self.path_separator.as_deref()));
+    /// build.
+    fn generate(&self, input: &Path, path_separator: Option<&str>) -> io::Result<Command> {
+        let mut cmd = Command::new(self.args[0].generate(input, path_separator));
         for arg in &self.args[1..] {
-            cmd.arg(arg.generate(&input, self.path_separator.as_deref()));
+            cmd.try_arg(arg.generate(input, path_separator))?;
         }
-
-        execute_command(cmd, &out_perm, buffer_output)
-    }
-
-    pub fn in_batch_mode(&self) -> bool {
-        self.mode == ExecutionMode::Batch
-    }
-
-    pub fn generate_and_execute_batch<I>(&self, paths: I, buffer_output: bool) -> ExitCode
-    where
-        I: Iterator<Item = PathBuf>,
-    {
-        let mut cmd = Command::new(self.args[0].generate("", None));
-        cmd.stdin(Stdio::inherit());
-        cmd.stdout(Stdio::inherit());
-        cmd.stderr(Stdio::inherit());
-
-        let mut paths: Vec<_> = paths.collect();
-        let mut has_path = false;
-
-        for arg in &self.args[1..] {
-            if arg.has_tokens() {
-                paths.sort();
-
-                // A single `Tokens` is expected
-                // So we can directly consume the iterator once and for all
-                for path in &mut paths {
-                    cmd.arg(arg.generate(path, self.path_separator.as_deref()));
-                    has_path = true;
-                }
-            } else {
-                cmd.arg(arg.generate("", None));
-            }
-        }
-
-        if has_path {
-            execute_command(cmd, &Mutex::new(()), buffer_output)
-        } else {
-            ExitCode::Success
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Represents a template for a single command argument.
-///
-/// The argument is either a collection of `Token`s including at least one placeholder variant, or
-/// a fixed text.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-enum ArgumentTemplate {
-    Tokens(Vec<Token>),
-    Text(String),
-}
-
-impl ArgumentTemplate {
-    pub fn has_tokens(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(_))
-    }
-
-    /// Generate an argument from this template. If path_separator is Some, then it will replace
-    /// the path separator in all placeholder tokens. Text arguments and tokens are not affected by
-    /// path separator substitution.
-    pub fn generate(&self, path: impl AsRef<Path>, path_separator: Option<&str>) -> OsString {
-        use self::Token::*;
-        let path = path.as_ref();
-
-        match *self {
-            ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(ref tokens) => {
-                let mut s = OsString::new();
-                for token in tokens {
-                    match *token {
-                        Basename => s.push(Self::replace_separator(basename(path), path_separator)),
-                        BasenameNoExt => s.push(Self::replace_separator(
-                            &remove_extension(basename(path).as_ref()),
-                            path_separator,
-                        )),
-                        NoExt => s.push(Self::replace_separator(
-                            &remove_extension(path),
-                            path_separator,
-                        )),
-                        Parent => s.push(Self::replace_separator(&dirname(path), path_separator)),
-                        Placeholder => {
-                            s.push(Self::replace_separator(path.as_ref(), path_separator))
-                        }
-                        Text(ref string) => s.push(string),
-                    }
-                }
-                s
-            }
-            ArgumentTemplate::Text(ref text) => OsString::from(text),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Replace the path separator in the input with the custom separator string. If path_separator
-    /// is None, simply return a borrowed Cow<OsStr> of the input. Otherwise, the input is
-    /// interpreted as a Path and its components are iterated through and re-joined into a new
-    /// OsString.
-    fn replace_separator<'a>(path: &'a OsStr, path_separator: Option<&str>) -> Cow<'a, OsStr> {
-        // fast-path - no replacement necessary
-        if path_separator.is_none() {
-            return Cow::Borrowed(path);
-        }
-
-        let path_separator = path_separator.unwrap();
-        let mut out = OsString::with_capacity(path.len());
-        let mut components = Path::new(path).components().peekable();
-
-        while let Some(comp) = components.next() {
-            match comp {
-                // Absolute paths on Windows are tricky.  A Prefix component is usually a drive
-                // letter or UNC path, and is usually followed by RootDir. There are also
-                // "verbatim" prefixes beginning with "\\?\" that skip normalization. We choose to
-                // ignore verbatim path prefixes here because they're very rare, might be
-                // impossible to reach here, and there's no good way to deal with them. If users
-                // are doing something advanced involving verbatim windows paths, they can do their
-                // own output filtering with a tool like sed.
-                Component::Prefix(prefix) => {
-                    if let Prefix::UNC(server, share) = prefix.kind() {
-                        // Prefix::UNC is a parsed version of '\\server\share'
-                        out.push(path_separator);
-                        out.push(path_separator);
-                        out.push(server);
-                        out.push(path_separator);
-                        out.push(share);
-                    } else {
-                        // All other Windows prefix types are rendered as-is. This results in e.g. "C:" for
-                        // drive letters. DeviceNS and Verbatim* prefixes won't have backslashes converted,
-                        // but they're not returned by directories fd can search anyway so we don't worry
-                        // about them.
-                        out.push(comp.as_os_str());
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // Root directory is always replaced with the custom separator.
-                Component::RootDir => out.push(path_separator),
-
-                // Everything else is joined normally, with a trailing separator if we're not last
-                _ => {
-                    out.push(comp.as_os_str());
-                    if components.peek().is_some() {
-                        out.push(path_separator);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Cow::Owned(out)
+        Ok(cmd)
     }
 }
 
@@ -299,18 +274,27 @@ impl ArgumentTemplate {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    fn generate_str(template: &CommandTemplate, input: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+        template
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .map(|arg| arg.generate(input, None).into_string().unwrap())
+            .collect()
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn tokens_with_placeholder() {
         assert_eq!(
-            CommandTemplate::new(&[&"echo", &"${SHELL}:"], None),
-            CommandTemplate {
-                args: vec![
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Text("echo".into()),
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Text("${SHELL}:".into()),
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Placeholder]),
-                ],
+            CommandSet::new(vec![vec![&"echo", &"${SHELL}:"]]).unwrap(),
+            CommandSet {
+                commands: vec![CommandTemplate {
+                    args: vec![
+                        FormatTemplate::Text("echo".into()),
+                        FormatTemplate::Text("${SHELL}:".into()),
+                        FormatTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Placeholder]),
+                    ]
+                }],
                 mode: ExecutionMode::OneByOne,
-                path_separator: None,
             }
         );
     }
@@ -318,14 +302,15 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn tokens_with_no_extension() {
         assert_eq!(
-            CommandTemplate::new(&["echo", "{.}"], None),
-            CommandTemplate {
-                args: vec![
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Text("echo".into()),
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::NoExt]),
-                ],
+            CommandSet::new(vec![vec!["echo", "{.}"]]).unwrap(),
+            CommandSet {
+                commands: vec![CommandTemplate {
+                    args: vec![
+                        FormatTemplate::Text("echo".into()),
+                        FormatTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::NoExt]),
+                    ],
+                }],
                 mode: ExecutionMode::OneByOne,
-                path_separator: None,
             }
         );
     }
@@ -333,14 +318,15 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn tokens_with_basename() {
         assert_eq!(
-            CommandTemplate::new(&["echo", "{/}"], None),
-            CommandTemplate {
-                args: vec![
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Text("echo".into()),
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Basename]),
-                ],
+            CommandSet::new(vec![vec!["echo", "{/}"]]).unwrap(),
+            CommandSet {
+                commands: vec![CommandTemplate {
+                    args: vec![
+                        FormatTemplate::Text("echo".into()),
+                        FormatTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Basename]),
+                    ],
+                }],
                 mode: ExecutionMode::OneByOne,
-                path_separator: None,
             }
         );
     }
@@ -348,14 +334,15 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn tokens_with_parent() {
         assert_eq!(
-            CommandTemplate::new(&["echo", "{//}"], None),
-            CommandTemplate {
-                args: vec![
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Text("echo".into()),
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Parent]),
-                ],
+            CommandSet::new(vec![vec!["echo", "{//}"]]).unwrap(),
+            CommandSet {
+                commands: vec![CommandTemplate {
+                    args: vec![
+                        FormatTemplate::Text("echo".into()),
+                        FormatTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Parent]),
+                    ],
+                }],
                 mode: ExecutionMode::OneByOne,
-                path_separator: None,
             }
         );
     }
@@ -363,33 +350,50 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn tokens_with_basename_no_extension() {
         assert_eq!(
-            CommandTemplate::new(&["echo", "{/.}"], None),
-            CommandTemplate {
-                args: vec![
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Text("echo".into()),
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::BasenameNoExt]),
-                ],
+            CommandSet::new(vec![vec!["echo", "{/.}"]]).unwrap(),
+            CommandSet {
+                commands: vec![CommandTemplate {
+                    args: vec![
+                        FormatTemplate::Text("echo".into()),
+                        FormatTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::BasenameNoExt]),
+                    ],
+                }],
                 mode: ExecutionMode::OneByOne,
-                path_separator: None,
             }
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn tokens_with_literal_braces() {
+        let template = CommandTemplate::new(vec!["{{}}", "{{", "{.}}"]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            generate_str(&template, "foo"),
+            vec!["{}", "{", "{.}", "foo"]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tokens_with_literal_braces_and_placeholder() {
+        let template = CommandTemplate::new(vec!["{{{},end}"]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(generate_str(&template, "foo"), vec!["{foo,end}"]);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn tokens_multiple() {
         assert_eq!(
-            CommandTemplate::new(&["cp", "{}", "{/.}.ext"], None),
-            CommandTemplate {
-                args: vec![
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Text("cp".into()),
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Placeholder]),
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(vec![
-                        Token::BasenameNoExt,
-                        Token::Text(".ext".into())
-                    ]),
-                ],
+            CommandSet::new(vec![vec!["cp", "{}", "{/.}.ext"]]).unwrap(),
+            CommandSet {
+                commands: vec![CommandTemplate {
+                    args: vec![
+                        FormatTemplate::Text("cp".into()),
+                        FormatTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Placeholder]),
+                        FormatTemplate::Tokens(vec![
+                            Token::BasenameNoExt,
+                            Token::Text(".ext".into())
+                        ]),
+                    ],
+                }],
                 mode: ExecutionMode::OneByOne,
-                path_separator: None,
             }
         );
     }
@@ -397,26 +401,37 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn tokens_single_batch() {
         assert_eq!(
-            CommandTemplate::new_batch(&["echo", "{.}"], None).unwrap(),
-            CommandTemplate {
-                args: vec![
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Text("echo".into()),
-                    ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::NoExt]),
-                ],
+            CommandSet::new_batch(vec![vec!["echo", "{.}"]]).unwrap(),
+            CommandSet {
+                commands: vec![CommandTemplate {
+                    args: vec![
+                        FormatTemplate::Text("echo".into()),
+                        FormatTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::NoExt]),
+                    ],
+                }],
                 mode: ExecutionMode::Batch,
-                path_separator: None,
             }
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn tokens_multiple_batch() {
-        assert!(CommandTemplate::new_batch(&["echo", "{.}", "{}"], None).is_err());
+        assert!(CommandSet::new_batch(vec![vec!["echo", "{.}", "{}"]]).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn template_no_args() {
+        assert!(CommandTemplate::new::<Vec<_>, &'static str>(vec![]).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn command_set_no_args() {
+        assert!(CommandSet::new(vec![vec!["echo"], vec![]]).is_err());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn generate_custom_path_separator() {
-        let arg = ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Placeholder]);
+        let arg = FormatTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Placeholder]);
         macro_rules! check {
             ($input:expr, $expected:expr) => {
                 assert_eq!(arg.generate($input, Some("#")), OsString::from($expected));
@@ -431,7 +446,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[cfg(windows)]
     #[test]
     fn generate_custom_path_separator_windows() {
-        let arg = ArgumentTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Placeholder]);
+        let arg = FormatTemplate::Tokens(vec![Token::Placeholder]);
         macro_rules! check {
             ($input:expr, $expected:expr) => {
                 assert_eq!(arg.generate($input, Some("#")), OsString::from($expected));

src/exec/token.rs

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
-
-/// Designates what should be written to a buffer
-///
-/// Each `Token` contains either text, or a placeholder variant, which will be used to generate
-/// commands after all tokens for a given command template have been collected.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub enum Token {
-    Placeholder,
-    Basename,
-    Parent,
-    NoExt,
-    BasenameNoExt,
-    Text(String),
-}
-
-impl Display for Token {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match *self {
-            Token::Placeholder => f.write_str("{}")?,
-            Token::Basename => f.write_str("{/}")?,
-            Token::Parent => f.write_str("{//}")?,
-            Token::NoExt => f.write_str("{.}")?,
-            Token::BasenameNoExt => f.write_str("{/.}")?,
-            Token::Text(ref string) => f.write_str(string)?,
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}

src/exit_codes.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::process;
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use nix::sys::signal::{raise, signal, SigHandler, Signal};
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ExitCode {
     Success,
     HasResults(bool),

src/filesystem.rs

@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::fs;
 use std::io;
 #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "redox"))]
-use std::os::unix::fs::{FileTypeExt, PermissionsExt};
+use std::os::unix::fs::FileTypeExt;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use normpath::PathExt;
 
-use crate::walk;
+use crate::dir_entry;
 
 pub fn path_absolute_form(path: &Path) -> io::Result<PathBuf> {
     if path.is_absolute() {
@@ -41,17 +41,7 @@ pub fn is_existing_directory(path: &Path) -> bool {
     path.is_dir() && (path.file_name().is_some() || path.normalize().is_ok())
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "redox"))]
-pub fn is_executable(md: &fs::Metadata) -> bool {
-    md.permissions().mode() & 0o111 != 0
-}
-
-#[cfg(windows)]
-pub fn is_executable(_: &fs::Metadata) -> bool {
-    false
-}
-
-pub fn is_empty(entry: &walk::DirEntry) -> bool {
+pub fn is_empty(entry: &dir_entry::DirEntry) -> bool {
     if let Some(file_type) = entry.file_type() {
         if file_type.is_dir() {
             if let Ok(mut entries) = fs::read_dir(entry.path()) {
@@ -69,6 +59,26 @@ pub fn is_empty(entry: &walk::DirEntry) -> bool {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "redox"))]
+pub fn is_block_device(ft: fs::FileType) -> bool {
+    ft.is_block_device()
+}
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+pub fn is_block_device(_: fs::FileType) -> bool {
+    false
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "redox"))]
+pub fn is_char_device(ft: fs::FileType) -> bool {
+    ft.is_char_device()
+}
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+pub fn is_char_device(_: fs::FileType) -> bool {
+    false
+}
+
 #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "redox"))]
 pub fn is_socket(ft: fs::FileType) -> bool {
     ft.is_socket()
@@ -118,13 +128,11 @@ pub fn strip_current_dir(path: &Path) -> &Path {
 pub fn default_path_separator() -> Option<String> {
     if cfg!(windows) {
         let msystem = env::var("MSYSTEM").ok()?;
-        match msystem.as_str() {
-            "MINGW64" | "MINGW32" | "MSYS" => Some("/".to_owned()),
-            _ => None,
+        if !msystem.is_empty() {
+            return Some("/".to_owned());
         }
-    } else {
-        None
     }
+    None
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]

src/filetypes.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+use crate::dir_entry;
 use crate::filesystem;
-use crate::walk;
+
+use faccess::PathExt;
 
 /// Whether or not to show
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -7,6 +9,8 @@ pub struct FileTypes {
     pub files: bool,
     pub directories: bool,
     pub symlinks: bool,
+    pub block_devices: bool,
+    pub char_devices: bool,
     pub sockets: bool,
     pub pipes: bool,
     pub executables_only: bool,
@@ -14,22 +18,22 @@ pub struct FileTypes {
 }
 
 impl FileTypes {
-    pub fn should_ignore(&self, entry: &walk::DirEntry) -> bool {
+    pub fn should_ignore(&self, entry: &dir_entry::DirEntry) -> bool {
         if let Some(ref entry_type) = entry.file_type() {
             (!self.files && entry_type.is_file())
                 || (!self.directories && entry_type.is_dir())
                 || (!self.symlinks && entry_type.is_symlink())
+                || (!self.block_devices && filesystem::is_block_device(*entry_type))
+                || (!self.char_devices && filesystem::is_char_device(*entry_type))
                 || (!self.sockets && filesystem::is_socket(*entry_type))
                 || (!self.pipes && filesystem::is_pipe(*entry_type))
-                || (self.executables_only
-                    && !entry
-                        .metadata()
-                        .map(filesystem::is_executable)
-                        .unwrap_or(false))
+                || (self.executables_only && !entry.path().executable())
                 || (self.empty_only && !filesystem::is_empty(entry))
                 || !(entry_type.is_file()
                     || entry_type.is_dir()
                     || entry_type.is_symlink()
+                    || filesystem::is_block_device(*entry_type)
+                    || filesystem::is_char_device(*entry_type)
                     || filesystem::is_socket(*entry_type)
                     || filesystem::is_pipe(*entry_type))
         } else {

src/filter/owner.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use nix::unistd::{Group, User};
 use std::fs;
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct OwnerFilter {
     uid: Check<u32>,
     gid: Check<u32>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 enum Check<T> {
     Equal(T),
     NotEq(T),
@@ -15,10 +16,15 @@ enum Check<T> {
 }
 
 impl OwnerFilter {
+    const IGNORE: Self = OwnerFilter {
+        uid: Check::Ignore,
+        gid: Check::Ignore,
+    };
+
     /// Parses an owner constraint
     /// Returns an error if the string is invalid
     /// Returns Ok(None) when string is acceptable but a noop (such as "" or ":")
-    pub fn from_string(input: &str) -> Result<Option<Self>> {
+    pub fn from_string(input: &str) -> Result<Self> {
         let mut it = input.split(':');
         let (fst, snd) = (it.next(), it.next());
 
@@ -30,22 +36,33 @@ impl OwnerFilter {
         }
 
         let uid = Check::parse(fst, |s| {
-            s.parse()
-                .ok()
-                .or_else(|| users::get_user_by_name(s).map(|user| user.uid()))
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("'{}' is not a recognized user name", s))
+            if let Ok(uid) = s.parse() {
+                Ok(uid)
+            } else {
+                User::from_name(s)?
+                    .map(|user| user.uid.as_raw())
+                    .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("'{}' is not a recognized user name", s))
+            }
         })?;
         let gid = Check::parse(snd, |s| {
-            s.parse()
-                .ok()
-                .or_else(|| users::get_group_by_name(s).map(|group| group.gid()))
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("'{}' is not a recognized group name", s))
+            if let Ok(gid) = s.parse() {
+                Ok(gid)
+            } else {
+                Group::from_name(s)?
+                    .map(|group| group.gid.as_raw())
+                    .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("'{}' is not a recognized group name", s))
+            }
         })?;
 
-        if let (Check::Ignore, Check::Ignore) = (uid, gid) {
-            Ok(None)
+        Ok(OwnerFilter { uid, gid })
+    }
+
+    /// If self is a no-op (ignore both uid and gid) then return `None`, otherwise wrap in a `Some`
+    pub fn filter_ignore(self) -> Option<Self> {
+        if self == Self::IGNORE {
+            None
         } else {
-            Ok(Some(OwnerFilter { uid, gid }))
+            Some(self)
         }
     }
 
@@ -106,16 +123,16 @@ mod owner_parsing {
 
     use super::Check::*;
     owner_tests! {
-        empty:      ""      => Ok(None),
-        uid_only:   "5"     => Ok(Some(OwnerFilter { uid: Equal(5), gid: Ignore     })),
-        uid_gid:    "9:3"   => Ok(Some(OwnerFilter { uid: Equal(9), gid: Equal(3)   })),
-        gid_only:   ":8"    => Ok(Some(OwnerFilter { uid: Ignore,   gid: Equal(8)   })),
-        colon_only: ":"     => Ok(None),
-        trailing:   "5:"    => Ok(Some(OwnerFilter { uid: Equal(5), gid: Ignore     })),
+        empty:      ""      => Ok(OwnerFilter::IGNORE),
+        uid_only:   "5"     => Ok(OwnerFilter { uid: Equal(5), gid: Ignore     }),
+        uid_gid:    "9:3"   => Ok(OwnerFilter { uid: Equal(9), gid: Equal(3)   }),
+        gid_only:   ":8"    => Ok(OwnerFilter { uid: Ignore,   gid: Equal(8)   }),
+        colon_only: ":"     => Ok(OwnerFilter::IGNORE),
+        trailing:   "5:"    => Ok(OwnerFilter { uid: Equal(5), gid: Ignore     }),
 
-        uid_negate: "!5"    => Ok(Some(OwnerFilter { uid: NotEq(5), gid: Ignore     })),
-        both_negate:"!4:!3" => Ok(Some(OwnerFilter { uid: NotEq(4), gid: NotEq(3)   })),
-        uid_not_gid:"6:!8"  => Ok(Some(OwnerFilter { uid: Equal(6), gid: NotEq(8)   })),
+        uid_negate: "!5"    => Ok(OwnerFilter { uid: NotEq(5), gid: Ignore     }),
+        both_negate:"!4:!3" => Ok(OwnerFilter { uid: NotEq(4), gid: NotEq(3)   }),
+        uid_not_gid:"6:!8"  => Ok(OwnerFilter { uid: Equal(6), gid: NotEq(8)   }),
 
         more_colons:"3:5:"  => Err(_),
         only_colons:"::"    => Err(_),

src/filter/size.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use std::sync::OnceLock;
+
+use anyhow::anyhow;
 use regex::Regex;
 
-static SIZE_CAPTURES: Lazy<Regex> =
-    Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"(?i)^([+-]?)(\d+)(b|[kmgt]i?b?)$").unwrap());
+static SIZE_CAPTURES: OnceLock<Regex> = OnceLock::new();
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum SizeFilter {
     Max(u64),
     Min(u64),
@@ -24,12 +25,19 @@ const GIBI: u64 = MEBI * 1024;
 const TEBI: u64 = GIBI * 1024;
 
 impl SizeFilter {
-    pub fn from_string(s: &str) -> Option<Self> {
-        if !SIZE_CAPTURES.is_match(s) {
+    pub fn from_string(s: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        SizeFilter::parse_opt(s)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("'{}' is not a valid size constraint. See 'fd --help'.", s))
+    }
+
+    fn parse_opt(s: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        let pattern =
+            SIZE_CAPTURES.get_or_init(|| Regex::new(r"(?i)^([+-]?)(\d+)(b|[kmgt]i?b?)$").unwrap());
+        if !pattern.is_match(s) {
             return None;
         }
 
-        let captures = SIZE_CAPTURES.captures(s)?;
+        let captures = pattern.captures(s)?;
         let limit_kind = captures.get(1).map_or("+", |m| m.as_str());
         let quantity = captures
             .get(2)
@@ -165,7 +173,7 @@ mod tests {
                 #[test]
                 fn $name() {
                     let i = SizeFilter::from_string($value);
-                    assert!(i.is_none());
+                    assert!(i.is_err());
                 }
             )*
         };

src/filter/time.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use chrono::{offset::TimeZone, DateTime, Local, NaiveDate};
+use chrono::{DateTime, Local, NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime};
 
 use std::time::SystemTime;
 
 /// Filter based on time ranges.
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum TimeFilter {
     Before(SystemTime),
     After(SystemTime),
@@ -20,11 +20,21 @@ impl TimeFilter {
                     .ok()
                     .or_else(|| {
                         NaiveDate::parse_from_str(s, "%F")
-                            .map(|nd| nd.and_hms(0, 0, 0))
-                            .ok()
-                            .and_then(|ndt| Local.from_local_datetime(&ndt).single())
+                            .ok()?
+                            .and_hms_opt(0, 0, 0)?
+                            .and_local_timezone(Local)
+                            .latest()
+                    })
+                    .or_else(|| {
+                        NaiveDateTime::parse_from_str(s, "%F %T")
+                            .ok()?
+                            .and_local_timezone(Local)
+                            .latest()
+                    })
+                    .or_else(|| {
+                        let timestamp_secs = s.strip_prefix('@')?.parse().ok()?;
+                        DateTime::from_timestamp(timestamp_secs, 0).map(Into::into)
                     })
-                    .or_else(|| Local.datetime_from_str(s, "%F %T").ok())
                     .map(|dt| dt.into())
             })
     }
@@ -52,8 +62,10 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn is_time_filter_applicable() {
-        let ref_time = Local
-            .datetime_from_str("2010-10-10 10:10:10", "%F %T")
+        let ref_time = NaiveDateTime::parse_from_str("2010-10-10 10:10:10", "%F %T")
+            .unwrap()
+            .and_local_timezone(Local)
+            .latest()
             .unwrap()
             .into();
 
@@ -127,5 +139,32 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!TimeFilter::after(&ref_time, t10s_before)
             .unwrap()
             .applies_to(&t1m_ago));
+
+        let ref_timestamp = 1707723412u64; // Mon Feb 12 07:36:52 UTC 2024
+        let ref_time = DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339("2024-02-12T07:36:52+00:00")
+            .unwrap()
+            .into();
+        let t1m_ago = ref_time - Duration::from_secs(60);
+        let t1s_later = ref_time + Duration::from_secs(1);
+        // Timestamp only supported via '@' prefix
+        assert!(TimeFilter::before(&ref_time, &ref_timestamp.to_string()).is_none());
+        assert!(
+            TimeFilter::before(&ref_time, &format!("@{}", ref_timestamp))
+                .unwrap()
+                .applies_to(&t1m_ago)
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !TimeFilter::before(&ref_time, &format!("@{}", ref_timestamp))
+                .unwrap()
+                .applies_to(&t1s_later)
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !TimeFilter::after(&ref_time, &format!("@{}", ref_timestamp))
+                .unwrap()
+                .applies_to(&t1m_ago)
+        );
+        assert!(TimeFilter::after(&ref_time, &format!("@{}", ref_timestamp))
+            .unwrap()
+            .applies_to(&t1s_later));
     }
 }

src/fmt/input.rs

@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ use crate::filesystem::strip_current_dir;
 
 /// Removes the parent component of the path
 pub fn basename(path: &Path) -> &OsStr {
-    path.file_name().unwrap_or_else(|| path.as_os_str())
+    path.file_name().unwrap_or(path.as_os_str())
 }
 
 /// Removes the extension from the path
 pub fn remove_extension(path: &Path) -> OsString {
     let dirname = dirname(path);
-    let stem = path.file_stem().unwrap_or_else(|| path.as_os_str());
+    let stem = path.file_stem().unwrap_or(path.as_os_str());
 
     let path = PathBuf::from(dirname).join(stem);
 
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ pub fn dirname(path: &Path) -> OsString {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod path_tests {
     use super::*;
-    use std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR;
+    use std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR;
 
     fn correct(input: &str) -> String {
-        input.replace('/', &MAIN_SEPARATOR.to_string())
+        input.replace('/', MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR)
     }
 
     macro_rules! func_tests {

src/fmt/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+mod input;
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
+use std::path::{Component, Path, Prefix};
+use std::sync::OnceLock;
+
+use aho_corasick::AhoCorasick;
+
+use self::input::{basename, dirname, remove_extension};
+
+/// Designates what should be written to a buffer
+///
+/// Each `Token` contains either text, or a placeholder variant, which will be used to generate
+/// commands after all tokens for a given command template have been collected.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Token {
+    Placeholder,
+    Basename,
+    Parent,
+    NoExt,
+    BasenameNoExt,
+    Text(String),
+}
+
+impl Display for Token {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            Token::Placeholder => f.write_str("{}")?,
+            Token::Basename => f.write_str("{/}")?,
+            Token::Parent => f.write_str("{//}")?,
+            Token::NoExt => f.write_str("{.}")?,
+            Token::BasenameNoExt => f.write_str("{/.}")?,
+            Token::Text(ref string) => f.write_str(string)?,
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A parsed format string
+///
+/// This is either a collection of `Token`s including at least one placeholder variant,
+/// or a fixed text.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FormatTemplate {
+    Tokens(Vec<Token>),
+    Text(String),
+}
+
+static PLACEHOLDERS: OnceLock<AhoCorasick> = OnceLock::new();
+
+impl FormatTemplate {
+    pub fn has_tokens(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, FormatTemplate::Tokens(_))
+    }
+
+    pub fn parse(fmt: &str) -> Self {
+        // NOTE: we assume that { and } have the same length
+        const BRACE_LEN: usize = '{'.len_utf8();
+        let mut tokens = Vec::new();
+        let mut remaining = fmt;
+        let mut buf = String::new();
+        let placeholders = PLACEHOLDERS.get_or_init(|| {
+            AhoCorasick::new(["{{", "}}", "{}", "{/}", "{//}", "{.}", "{/.}"]).unwrap()
+        });
+        while let Some(m) = placeholders.find(remaining) {
+            match m.pattern().as_u32() {
+                0 | 1 => {
+                    // we found an escaped {{ or }}, so add
+                    // everything up to the first char to the buffer
+                    // then skip the second one.
+                    buf += &remaining[..m.start() + BRACE_LEN];
+                    remaining = &remaining[m.end()..];
+                }
+                id if !remaining[m.end()..].starts_with('}') => {
+                    buf += &remaining[..m.start()];
+                    if !buf.is_empty() {
+                        tokens.push(Token::Text(std::mem::take(&mut buf)));
+                    }
+                    tokens.push(token_from_pattern_id(id));
+                    remaining = &remaining[m.end()..];
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    // We got a normal pattern, but the final "}"
+                    // is escaped, so add up to that to the buffer, then
+                    // skip the final }
+                    buf += &remaining[..m.end()];
+                    remaining = &remaining[m.end() + BRACE_LEN..];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Add the rest of the string to the buffer, and add the final buffer to the tokens
+        if !remaining.is_empty() {
+            buf += remaining;
+        }
+        if tokens.is_empty() {
+            // No placeholders were found, so just return the text
+            return FormatTemplate::Text(buf);
+        }
+        // Add final text segment
+        if !buf.is_empty() {
+            tokens.push(Token::Text(buf));
+        }
+        debug_assert!(!tokens.is_empty());
+        FormatTemplate::Tokens(tokens)
+    }
+
+    /// Generate a result string from this template. If path_separator is Some, then it will replace
+    /// the path separator in all placeholder tokens. Fixed text and tokens are not affected by
+    /// path separator substitution.
+    pub fn generate(&self, path: impl AsRef<Path>, path_separator: Option<&str>) -> OsString {
+        use Token::*;
+        let path = path.as_ref();
+
+        match *self {
+            Self::Tokens(ref tokens) => {
+                let mut s = OsString::new();
+                for token in tokens {
+                    match token {
+                        Basename => s.push(Self::replace_separator(basename(path), path_separator)),
+                        BasenameNoExt => s.push(Self::replace_separator(
+                            &remove_extension(basename(path).as_ref()),
+                            path_separator,
+                        )),
+                        NoExt => s.push(Self::replace_separator(
+                            &remove_extension(path),
+                            path_separator,
+                        )),
+                        Parent => s.push(Self::replace_separator(&dirname(path), path_separator)),
+                        Placeholder => {
+                            s.push(Self::replace_separator(path.as_ref(), path_separator))
+                        }
+                        Text(ref string) => s.push(string),
+                    }
+                }
+                s
+            }
+            Self::Text(ref text) => OsString::from(text),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Replace the path separator in the input with the custom separator string. If path_separator
+    /// is None, simply return a borrowed Cow<OsStr> of the input. Otherwise, the input is
+    /// interpreted as a Path and its components are iterated through and re-joined into a new
+    /// OsString.
+    fn replace_separator<'a>(path: &'a OsStr, path_separator: Option<&str>) -> Cow<'a, OsStr> {
+        // fast-path - no replacement necessary
+        if path_separator.is_none() {
+            return Cow::Borrowed(path);
+        }
+
+        let path_separator = path_separator.unwrap();
+        let mut out = OsString::with_capacity(path.len());
+        let mut components = Path::new(path).components().peekable();
+
+        while let Some(comp) = components.next() {
+            match comp {
+                // Absolute paths on Windows are tricky.  A Prefix component is usually a drive
+                // letter or UNC path, and is usually followed by RootDir. There are also
+                // "verbatim" prefixes beginning with "\\?\" that skip normalization. We choose to
+                // ignore verbatim path prefixes here because they're very rare, might be
+                // impossible to reach here, and there's no good way to deal with them. If users
+                // are doing something advanced involving verbatim windows paths, they can do their
+                // own output filtering with a tool like sed.
+                Component::Prefix(prefix) => {
+                    if let Prefix::UNC(server, share) = prefix.kind() {
+                        // Prefix::UNC is a parsed version of '\\server\share'
+                        out.push(path_separator);
+                        out.push(path_separator);
+                        out.push(server);
+                        out.push(path_separator);
+                        out.push(share);
+                    } else {
+                        // All other Windows prefix types are rendered as-is. This results in e.g. "C:" for
+                        // drive letters. DeviceNS and Verbatim* prefixes won't have backslashes converted,
+                        // but they're not returned by directories fd can search anyway so we don't worry
+                        // about them.
+                        out.push(comp.as_os_str());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Root directory is always replaced with the custom separator.
+                Component::RootDir => out.push(path_separator),
+
+                // Everything else is joined normally, with a trailing separator if we're not last
+                _ => {
+                    out.push(comp.as_os_str());
+                    if components.peek().is_some() {
+                        out.push(path_separator);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Cow::Owned(out)
+    }
+}
+
+// Convert the id from an aho-corasick match to the
+// appropriate token
+fn token_from_pattern_id(id: u32) -> Token {
+    use Token::*;
+    match id {
+        2 => Placeholder,
+        3 => Basename,
+        4 => Parent,
+        5 => NoExt,
+        6 => BasenameNoExt,
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod fmt_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_no_placeholders() {
+        let templ = FormatTemplate::parse("This string has no placeholders");
+        assert_eq!(
+            templ,
+            FormatTemplate::Text("This string has no placeholders".into())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_only_brace_escapes() {
+        let templ = FormatTemplate::parse("This string only has escapes like {{ and }}");
+        assert_eq!(
+            templ,
+            FormatTemplate::Text("This string only has escapes like { and }".into())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn all_placeholders() {
+        use Token::*;
+
+        let templ = FormatTemplate::parse(
+            "{{path={} \
+            basename={/} \
+            parent={//} \
+            noExt={.} \
+            basenameNoExt={/.} \
+            }}",
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            templ,
+            FormatTemplate::Tokens(vec![
+                Text("{path=".into()),
+                Placeholder,
+                Text(" basename=".into()),
+                Basename,
+                Text(" parent=".into()),
+                Parent,
+                Text(" noExt=".into()),
+                NoExt,
+                Text(" basenameNoExt=".into()),
+                BasenameNoExt,
+                Text(" }".into()),
+            ])
+        );
+
+        let mut path = PathBuf::new();
+        path.push("a");
+        path.push("folder");
+        path.push("file.txt");
+
+        let expanded = templ.generate(&path, Some("/")).into_string().unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            expanded,
+            "{path=a/folder/file.txt \
+            basename=file.txt \
+            parent=a/folder \
+            noExt=a/folder/file \
+            basenameNoExt=file }"
+        );
+    }
+}

src/main.rs

@@ -1,35 +1,37 @@
-mod app;
+mod cli;
 mod config;
+mod dir_entry;
 mod error;
 mod exec;
 mod exit_codes;
 mod filesystem;
 mod filetypes;
 mod filter;
+mod fmt;
 mod output;
 mod regex_helper;
 mod walk;
 
 use std::env;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::io::IsTerminal;
+use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time;
 
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
-use atty::Stream;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser};
 use globset::GlobBuilder;
 use lscolors::LsColors;
-use normpath::PathExt;
-use regex::bytes::{RegexBuilder, RegexSetBuilder};
+use regex::bytes::{Regex, RegexBuilder, RegexSetBuilder};
 
+use crate::cli::{ColorWhen, Opts};
 use crate::config::Config;
-use crate::error::print_error;
-use crate::exec::CommandTemplate;
+use crate::exec::CommandSet;
 use crate::exit_codes::ExitCode;
 use crate::filetypes::FileTypes;
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use crate::filter::OwnerFilter;
-use crate::filter::{SizeFilter, TimeFilter};
+use crate::filter::TimeFilter;
 use crate::regex_helper::{pattern_has_uppercase_char, pattern_matches_strings_with_leading_dot};
 
 // We use jemalloc for performance reasons, see https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/pull/481
@@ -39,7 +41,8 @@ use crate::regex_helper::{pattern_has_uppercase_char, pattern_matches_strings_wi
     not(target_os = "android"),
     not(target_os = "macos"),
     not(target_os = "freebsd"),
-    not(target_env = "musl"),
+    not(target_os = "openbsd"),
+    not(all(target_env = "musl", target_pointer_width = "32")),
     not(target_arch = "riscv64"),
     feature = "use-jemalloc"
 ))]
@@ -66,26 +69,63 @@ fn main() {
 }
 
 fn run() -> Result<ExitCode> {
-    let matches = app::build_app().get_matches_from(env::args_os());
+    let opts = Opts::parse();
 
-    set_working_dir(&matches)?;
-    let current_directory = Path::new(".");
-    ensure_current_directory_exists(current_directory)?;
-    let search_paths = extract_search_paths(&matches, current_directory)?;
+    #[cfg(feature = "completions")]
+    if let Some(shell) = opts.gen_completions()? {
+        return print_completions(shell);
+    }
 
-    let pattern = extract_search_pattern(&matches)?;
-    ensure_search_pattern_is_not_a_path(&matches, pattern)?;
-    let pattern_regex = build_pattern_regex(&matches, pattern)?;
+    set_working_dir(&opts)?;
+    let search_paths = opts.search_paths()?;
+    if search_paths.is_empty() {
+        bail!("No valid search paths given.");
+    }
 
-    let config = construct_config(matches, &pattern_regex)?;
-    ensure_use_hidden_option_for_leading_dot_pattern(&config, &pattern_regex)?;
-    let re = build_regex(pattern_regex, &config)?;
-    walk::scan(&search_paths, Arc::new(re), Arc::new(config))
+    ensure_search_pattern_is_not_a_path(&opts)?;
+    let pattern = &opts.pattern;
+    let exprs = &opts.exprs;
+    let empty = Vec::new();
+
+    let pattern_regexps = exprs
+        .as_ref()
+        .unwrap_or(&empty)
+        .iter()
+        .chain([pattern])
+        .map(|pat| build_pattern_regex(pat, &opts))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<String>>>()?;
+
+    let config = construct_config(opts, &pattern_regexps)?;
+
+    ensure_use_hidden_option_for_leading_dot_pattern(&config, &pattern_regexps)?;
+
+    let regexps = pattern_regexps
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|pat| build_regex(pat, &config))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<Regex>>>()?;
+
+    walk::scan(&search_paths, regexps, config)
 }
 
-fn set_working_dir(matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<()> {
-    if let Some(base_directory) = matches.value_of_os("base-directory") {
-        let base_directory = Path::new(base_directory);
+#[cfg(feature = "completions")]
+#[cold]
+fn print_completions(shell: clap_complete::Shell) -> Result<ExitCode> {
+    // The program name is the first argument.
+    let first_arg = env::args().next();
+    let program_name = first_arg
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(Path::new)
+        .and_then(|path| path.file_stem())
+        .and_then(|file| file.to_str())
+        .unwrap_or("fd");
+    let mut cmd = Opts::command();
+    cmd.build();
+    clap_complete::generate(shell, &mut cmd, program_name, &mut std::io::stdout());
+    Ok(ExitCode::Success)
+}
+
+fn set_working_dir(opts: &Opts) -> Result<()> {
+    if let Some(ref base_directory) = opts.base_directory {
         if !filesystem::is_existing_directory(base_directory) {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "The '--base-directory' path '{}' is not a directory.",
@@ -102,74 +142,11 @@ fn set_working_dir(matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn ensure_current_directory_exists(current_directory: &Path) -> Result<()> {
-    if filesystem::is_existing_directory(current_directory) {
-        Ok(())
-    } else {
-        Err(anyhow!(
-            "Could not retrieve current directory (has it been deleted?)."
-        ))
-    }
-}
-
-fn extract_search_pattern<'a>(matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<&'a str> {
-    let pattern = matches
-        .value_of_os("pattern")
-        .map(|p| {
-            p.to_str()
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("The search pattern includes invalid UTF-8 sequences."))
-        })
-        .transpose()?
-        .unwrap_or("");
-    Ok(pattern)
-}
-
-fn extract_search_paths(
-    matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
-    current_directory: &Path,
-) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
-    let mut search_paths = matches
-        .values_of_os("path")
-        .or_else(|| matches.values_of_os("search-path"))
-        .map_or_else(
-            || vec![current_directory.to_path_buf()],
-            |paths| {
-                paths
-                    .filter_map(|path| {
-                        let path_buffer = PathBuf::from(path);
-                        if filesystem::is_existing_directory(&path_buffer) {
-                            Some(path_buffer)
-                        } else {
-                            print_error(format!(
-                                "Search path '{}' is not a directory.",
-                                path_buffer.to_string_lossy()
-                            ));
-                            None
-                        }
-                    })
-                    .collect()
-            },
-        );
-    if search_paths.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("No valid search paths given."));
-    }
-    if matches.is_present("absolute-path") {
-        update_to_absolute_paths(&mut search_paths);
-    }
-    Ok(search_paths)
-}
-
-fn update_to_absolute_paths(search_paths: &mut [PathBuf]) {
-    for buffer in search_paths.iter_mut() {
-        *buffer = filesystem::absolute_path(buffer.normalize().unwrap().as_path()).unwrap();
-    }
-}
-
 /// Detect if the user accidentally supplied a path instead of a search pattern
-fn ensure_search_pattern_is_not_a_path(matches: &clap::ArgMatches, pattern: &str) -> Result<()> {
-    if !matches.is_present("full-path")
-        && pattern.contains(std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR)
-        && Path::new(pattern).is_dir()
+fn ensure_search_pattern_is_not_a_path(opts: &Opts) -> Result<()> {
+    if !opts.full_path
+        && opts.pattern.contains(std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR)
+        && Path::new(&opts.pattern).is_dir()
     {
         Err(anyhow!(
             "The search pattern '{pattern}' contains a path-separation character ('{sep}') \
@@ -178,7 +155,7 @@ fn ensure_search_pattern_is_not_a_path(matches: &clap::ArgMatches, pattern: &str
              fd . '{pattern}'\n\n\
              Instead, if you want your pattern to match the full file path, use:\n\n  \
              fd --full-path '{pattern}'",
-            pattern = pattern,
+            pattern = &opts.pattern,
             sep = std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR,
         ))
     } else {
@@ -186,11 +163,11 @@ fn ensure_search_pattern_is_not_a_path(matches: &clap::ArgMatches, pattern: &str
     }
 }
 
-fn build_pattern_regex(matches: &clap::ArgMatches, pattern: &str) -> Result<String> {
-    Ok(if matches.is_present("glob") && !pattern.is_empty() {
+fn build_pattern_regex(pattern: &str, opts: &Opts) -> Result<String> {
+    Ok(if opts.glob && !pattern.is_empty() {
         let glob = GlobBuilder::new(pattern).literal_separator(true).build()?;
         glob.regex().to_owned()
-    } else if matches.is_present("fixed-strings") {
+    } else if opts.fixed_strings {
         // Treat pattern as literal string if '--fixed-strings' is used
         regex::escape(pattern)
     } else {
@@ -212,37 +189,44 @@ fn check_path_separator_length(path_separator: Option<&str>) -> Result<()> {
     }
 }
 
-fn construct_config(matches: clap::ArgMatches, pattern_regex: &str) -> Result<Config> {
+fn construct_config(mut opts: Opts, pattern_regexps: &[String]) -> Result<Config> {
     // The search will be case-sensitive if the command line flag is set or
-    // if the pattern has an uppercase character (smart case).
-    let case_sensitive = !matches.is_present("ignore-case")
-        && (matches.is_present("case-sensitive") || pattern_has_uppercase_char(pattern_regex));
+    // if any of the patterns has an uppercase character (smart case).
+    let case_sensitive = !opts.ignore_case
+        && (opts.case_sensitive
+            || pattern_regexps
+                .iter()
+                .any(|pat| pattern_has_uppercase_char(pat)));
 
-    let path_separator = matches
-        .value_of("path-separator")
-        .map_or_else(filesystem::default_path_separator, |s| Some(s.to_owned()));
+    let path_separator = opts
+        .path_separator
+        .take()
+        .or_else(filesystem::default_path_separator);
+    let actual_path_separator = path_separator
+        .clone()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR.to_string());
     check_path_separator_length(path_separator.as_deref())?;
 
-    let size_limits = extract_size_limits(&matches)?;
-    let time_constraints = extract_time_constraints(&matches)?;
+    let size_limits = std::mem::take(&mut opts.size);
+    let time_constraints = extract_time_constraints(&opts)?;
     #[cfg(unix)]
-    let owner_constraint = matches
-        .value_of("owner")
-        .map(OwnerFilter::from_string)
-        .transpose()?
-        .flatten();
+    let owner_constraint: Option<OwnerFilter> = opts.owner.and_then(OwnerFilter::filter_ignore);
 
     #[cfg(windows)]
     let ansi_colors_support =
-        ansi_term::enable_ansi_support().is_ok() || std::env::var_os("TERM").is_some();
+        nu_ansi_term::enable_ansi_support().is_ok() || std::env::var_os("TERM").is_some();
     #[cfg(not(windows))]
     let ansi_colors_support = true;
 
-    let interactive_terminal = atty::is(Stream::Stdout);
-    let colored_output = match matches.value_of("color") {
-        Some("always") => true,
-        Some("never") => false,
-        _ => ansi_colors_support && env::var_os("NO_COLOR").is_none() && interactive_terminal,
+    let interactive_terminal = std::io::stdout().is_terminal();
+
+    let colored_output = match opts.color {
+        ColorWhen::Always => true,
+        ColorWhen::Never => false,
+        ColorWhen::Auto => {
+            let no_color = env::var_os("NO_COLOR").is_some_and(|x| !x.is_empty());
+            ansi_colors_support && !no_color && interactive_terminal
+        }
     };
 
     let ls_colors = if colored_output {
@@ -250,80 +234,48 @@ fn construct_config(matches: clap::ArgMatches, pattern_regex: &str) -> Result<Co
     } else {
         None
     };
-    let command = extract_command(&matches, path_separator.as_deref(), colored_output)?;
+    let command = extract_command(&mut opts, colored_output)?;
+    let has_command = command.is_some();
 
     Ok(Config {
         case_sensitive,
-        search_full_path: matches.is_present("full-path"),
-        ignore_hidden: !(matches.is_present("hidden")
-            || matches.occurrences_of("rg-alias-hidden-ignore") >= 2),
-        read_fdignore: !(matches.is_present("no-ignore")
-            || matches.is_present("rg-alias-hidden-ignore")),
-        read_vcsignore: !(matches.is_present("no-ignore")
-            || matches.is_present("rg-alias-hidden-ignore")
-            || matches.is_present("no-ignore-vcs")),
-        read_parent_ignore: !matches.is_present("no-ignore-parent"),
-        read_global_ignore: !(matches.is_present("no-ignore")
-            || matches.is_present("rg-alias-hidden-ignore")
-            || matches.is_present("no-global-ignore-file")),
-        follow_links: matches.is_present("follow"),
-        one_file_system: matches.is_present("one-file-system"),
-        null_separator: matches.is_present("null_separator"),
-        quiet: matches.is_present("quiet"),
-        max_depth: matches
-            .value_of("max-depth")
-            .or_else(|| matches.value_of("rg-depth"))
-            .or_else(|| matches.value_of("exact-depth"))
-            .map(|n| n.parse::<usize>())
-            .transpose()
-            .context("Failed to parse argument to --max-depth/--exact-depth")?,
-        min_depth: matches
-            .value_of("min-depth")
-            .or_else(|| matches.value_of("exact-depth"))
-            .map(|n| n.parse::<usize>())
-            .transpose()
-            .context("Failed to parse argument to --min-depth/--exact-depth")?,
-        prune: matches.is_present("prune"),
-        threads: std::cmp::max(
-            matches
-                .value_of("threads")
-                .map(|n| n.parse::<usize>())
-                .transpose()
-                .context("Failed to parse number of threads")?
-                .map(|n| {
-                    if n > 0 {
-                        Ok(n)
-                    } else {
-                        Err(anyhow!("Number of threads must be positive."))
-                    }
-                })
-                .transpose()?
-                .unwrap_or_else(num_cpus::get),
-            1,
-        ),
-        max_buffer_time: matches
-            .value_of("max-buffer-time")
-            .map(|n| n.parse::<u64>())
-            .transpose()
-            .context("Failed to parse max. buffer time argument")?
-            .map(time::Duration::from_millis),
+        search_full_path: opts.full_path,
+        ignore_hidden: !(opts.hidden || opts.rg_alias_ignore()),
+        read_fdignore: !(opts.no_ignore || opts.rg_alias_ignore()),
+        read_vcsignore: !(opts.no_ignore || opts.rg_alias_ignore() || opts.no_ignore_vcs),
+        require_git_to_read_vcsignore: !opts.no_require_git,
+        read_parent_ignore: !opts.no_ignore_parent,
+        read_global_ignore: !(opts.no_ignore
+            || opts.rg_alias_ignore()
+            || opts.no_global_ignore_file),
+        follow_links: opts.follow,
+        one_file_system: opts.one_file_system,
+        null_separator: opts.null_separator,
+        quiet: opts.quiet,
+        max_depth: opts.max_depth(),
+        min_depth: opts.min_depth(),
+        prune: opts.prune,
+        threads: opts.threads().get(),
+        max_buffer_time: opts.max_buffer_time,
         ls_colors,
         interactive_terminal,
-        file_types: matches.values_of("file-type").map(|values| {
+        file_types: opts.filetype.as_ref().map(|values| {
+            use crate::cli::FileType::*;
             let mut file_types = FileTypes::default();
             for value in values {
                 match value {
-                    "f" | "file" => file_types.files = true,
-                    "d" | "directory" => file_types.directories = true,
-                    "l" | "symlink" => file_types.symlinks = true,
-                    "x" | "executable" => {
+                    File => file_types.files = true,
+                    Directory => file_types.directories = true,
+                    Symlink => file_types.symlinks = true,
+                    Executable => {
                         file_types.executables_only = true;
                         file_types.files = true;
                     }
-                    "e" | "empty" => file_types.empty_only = true,
-                    "s" | "socket" => file_types.sockets = true,
-                    "p" | "pipe" => file_types.pipes = true,
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                    Empty => file_types.empty_only = true,
+                    BlockDevice => file_types.block_devices = true,
+                    CharDevice => file_types.char_devices = true,
+                    Socket => file_types.sockets = true,
+                    Pipe => file_types.pipes = true,
                 }
             }
 
@@ -335,10 +287,12 @@ fn construct_config(matches: clap::ArgMatches, pattern_regex: &str) -> Result<Co
 
             file_types
         }),
-        extensions: matches
-            .values_of("extension")
+        extensions: opts
+            .extensions
+            .as_ref()
             .map(|exts| {
                 let patterns = exts
+                    .iter()
                     .map(|e| e.trim_start_matches('.'))
                     .map(|e| format!(r".\.{}$", regex::escape(e)));
                 RegexSetBuilder::new(patterns)
@@ -346,84 +300,51 @@ fn construct_config(matches: clap::ArgMatches, pattern_regex: &str) -> Result<Co
                     .build()
             })
             .transpose()?,
+        format: opts
+            .format
+            .as_deref()
+            .map(crate::fmt::FormatTemplate::parse),
         command: command.map(Arc::new),
-        batch_size: matches
-            .value_of("batch-size")
-            .map(|n| n.parse::<usize>())
-            .transpose()
-            .context("Failed to parse --batch-size argument")?
-            .unwrap_or_default(),
-        exclude_patterns: matches
-            .values_of("exclude")
-            .map(|v| v.map(|p| String::from("!") + p).collect())
-            .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new),
-        ignore_files: matches
-            .values_of("ignore-file")
-            .map(|vs| vs.map(PathBuf::from).collect())
-            .unwrap_or_else(Vec::new),
+        batch_size: opts.batch_size,
+        exclude_patterns: opts.exclude.iter().map(|p| String::from("!") + p).collect(),
+        ignore_files: std::mem::take(&mut opts.ignore_file),
         size_constraints: size_limits,
         time_constraints,
         #[cfg(unix)]
         owner_constraint,
-        show_filesystem_errors: matches.is_present("show-errors"),
+        show_filesystem_errors: opts.show_errors,
         path_separator,
-        max_results: matches
-            .value_of("max-results")
-            .map(|n| n.parse::<usize>())
-            .transpose()
-            .context("Failed to parse --max-results argument")?
-            .filter(|&n| n > 0)
-            .or_else(|| {
-                if matches.is_present("max-one-result") {
-                    Some(1)
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            }),
-        strip_cwd_prefix: (!matches.is_present("path")
-            && !matches.is_present("search-path")
-            && (interactive_terminal || matches.is_present("strip-cwd-prefix"))),
+        actual_path_separator,
+        max_results: opts.max_results(),
+        strip_cwd_prefix: opts.strip_cwd_prefix(|| !(opts.null_separator || has_command)),
     })
 }
 
-fn extract_command(
-    matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
-    path_separator: Option<&str>,
-    colored_output: bool,
-) -> Result<Option<CommandTemplate>> {
-    None.or_else(|| {
-        matches.values_of("exec").map(|args| {
-            Ok(CommandTemplate::new(
-                args,
-                path_separator.map(str::to_string),
-            ))
+fn extract_command(opts: &mut Opts, colored_output: bool) -> Result<Option<CommandSet>> {
+    opts.exec
+        .command
+        .take()
+        .map(Ok)
+        .or_else(|| {
+            if !opts.list_details {
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            let res = determine_ls_command(colored_output)
+                .map(|cmd| CommandSet::new_batch([cmd]).unwrap());
+            Some(res)
         })
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-        matches
-            .values_of("exec-batch")
-            .map(|args| CommandTemplate::new_batch(args, path_separator.map(str::to_string)))
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-        if !matches.is_present("list-details") {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        let color = matches.value_of("color").unwrap_or("auto");
-        let color_arg = format!("--color={}", color);
-
-        let res = determine_ls_command(&color_arg, colored_output).map(|cmd| {
-            CommandTemplate::new_batch(cmd, path_separator.map(str::to_string)).unwrap()
-        });
-
-        Some(res)
-    })
-    .transpose()
+        .transpose()
 }
 
-fn determine_ls_command(color_arg: &str, colored_output: bool) -> Result<Vec<&str>> {
+fn determine_ls_command(colored_output: bool) -> Result<Vec<&'static str>> {
     #[allow(unused)]
     let gnu_ls = |command_name| {
+        let color_arg = if colored_output {
+            "--color=always"
+        } else {
+            "--color=never"
+        };
         // Note: we use short options here (instead of --long-options) to support more
         // platforms (like BusyBox).
         vec![
@@ -500,20 +421,10 @@ fn determine_ls_command(color_arg: &str, colored_output: bool) -> Result<Vec<&st
     Ok(cmd)
 }
 
-fn extract_size_limits(matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<Vec<SizeFilter>> {
-    matches.values_of("size").map_or(Ok(Vec::new()), |vs| {
-        vs.map(|sf| {
-            SizeFilter::from_string(sf)
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("'{}' is not a valid size constraint. See 'fd --help'.", sf))
-        })
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()
-    })
-}
-
-fn extract_time_constraints(matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<Vec<TimeFilter>> {
+fn extract_time_constraints(opts: &Opts) -> Result<Vec<TimeFilter>> {
     let now = time::SystemTime::now();
     let mut time_constraints: Vec<TimeFilter> = Vec::new();
-    if let Some(t) = matches.value_of("changed-within") {
+    if let Some(ref t) = opts.changed_within {
         if let Some(f) = TimeFilter::after(&now, t) {
             time_constraints.push(f);
         } else {
@@ -523,7 +434,7 @@ fn extract_time_constraints(matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<Vec<TimeFilter
             ));
         }
     }
-    if let Some(t) = matches.value_of("changed-before") {
+    if let Some(ref t) = opts.changed_before {
         if let Some(f) = TimeFilter::before(&now, t) {
             time_constraints.push(f);
         } else {
@@ -538,14 +449,18 @@ fn extract_time_constraints(matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<Vec<TimeFilter
 
 fn ensure_use_hidden_option_for_leading_dot_pattern(
     config: &Config,
-    pattern_regex: &str,
+    pattern_regexps: &[String],
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    if cfg!(unix) && config.ignore_hidden && pattern_matches_strings_with_leading_dot(pattern_regex)
+    if cfg!(unix)
+        && config.ignore_hidden
+        && pattern_regexps
+            .iter()
+            .any(|pat| pattern_matches_strings_with_leading_dot(pat))
     {
         Err(anyhow!(
-            "The pattern seems to only match files with a leading dot, but hidden files are \
+            "The pattern(s) seems to only match files with a leading dot, but hidden files are \
             filtered by default. Consider adding -H/--hidden to search hidden files as well \
-            or adjust your search pattern."
+            or adjust your search pattern(s)."
         ))
     } else {
         Ok(())

src/output.rs

@@ -1,30 +1,27 @@
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::io::{self, Write};
-use std::path::Path;
 
 use lscolors::{Indicator, LsColors, Style};
 
 use crate::config::Config;
+use crate::dir_entry::DirEntry;
 use crate::error::print_error;
 use crate::exit_codes::ExitCode;
-use crate::filesystem::strip_current_dir;
+use crate::fmt::FormatTemplate;
 
 fn replace_path_separator(path: &str, new_path_separator: &str) -> String {
     path.replace(std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR, new_path_separator)
 }
 
 // TODO: this function is performance critical and can probably be optimized
-pub fn print_entry<W: Write>(stdout: &mut W, entry: &Path, config: &Config) {
-    let path = if config.strip_cwd_prefix {
-        strip_current_dir(entry)
+pub fn print_entry<W: Write>(stdout: &mut W, entry: &DirEntry, config: &Config) {
+    // TODO: use format if supplied
+    let r = if let Some(ref format) = config.format {
+        print_entry_format(stdout, entry, config, format)
+    } else if let Some(ref ls_colors) = config.ls_colors {
+        print_entry_colorized(stdout, entry, config, ls_colors)
     } else {
-        entry
-    };
-
-    let r = if let Some(ref ls_colors) = config.ls_colors {
-        print_entry_colorized(stdout, path, config, ls_colors)
-    } else {
-        print_entry_uncolorized(stdout, path, config)
+        print_entry_uncolorized(stdout, entry, config)
     };
 
     if let Err(e) = r {
@@ -38,15 +35,55 @@ pub fn print_entry<W: Write>(stdout: &mut W, entry: &Path, config: &Config) {
     }
 }
 
+// Display a trailing slash if the path is a directory and the config option is enabled.
+// If the path_separator option is set, display that instead.
+// The trailing slash will not be colored.
+#[inline]
+fn print_trailing_slash<W: Write>(
+    stdout: &mut W,
+    entry: &DirEntry,
+    config: &Config,
+    style: Option<&Style>,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    if entry.file_type().map_or(false, |ft| ft.is_dir()) {
+        write!(
+            stdout,
+            "{}",
+            style
+                .map(Style::to_nu_ansi_term_style)
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .paint(&config.actual_path_separator)
+        )?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// TODO: this function is performance critical and can probably be optimized
+fn print_entry_format<W: Write>(
+    stdout: &mut W,
+    entry: &DirEntry,
+    config: &Config,
+    format: &FormatTemplate,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let separator = if config.null_separator { "\0" } else { "\n" };
+    let output = format.generate(
+        entry.stripped_path(config),
+        config.path_separator.as_deref(),
+    );
+    // TODO: support writing raw bytes on unix?
+    write!(stdout, "{}{}", output.to_string_lossy(), separator)
+}
+
 // TODO: this function is performance critical and can probably be optimized
 fn print_entry_colorized<W: Write>(
     stdout: &mut W,
-    path: &Path,
+    entry: &DirEntry,
     config: &Config,
     ls_colors: &LsColors,
 ) -> io::Result<()> {
     // Split the path between the parent and the last component
     let mut offset = 0;
+    let path = entry.stripped_path(config);
     let path_str = path.to_string_lossy();
 
     if let Some(parent) = path.parent() {
@@ -68,17 +105,24 @@ fn print_entry_colorized<W: Write>(
 
         let style = ls_colors
             .style_for_indicator(Indicator::Directory)
-            .map(Style::to_ansi_term_style)
+            .map(Style::to_nu_ansi_term_style)
             .unwrap_or_default();
         write!(stdout, "{}", style.paint(parent_str))?;
     }
 
-    let style = ls_colors
-        .style_for_path(path)
-        .map(Style::to_ansi_term_style)
+    let style = entry
+        .style(ls_colors)
+        .map(Style::to_nu_ansi_term_style)
         .unwrap_or_default();
     write!(stdout, "{}", style.paint(&path_str[offset..]))?;
 
+    print_trailing_slash(
+        stdout,
+        entry,
+        config,
+        ls_colors.style_for_indicator(Indicator::Directory),
+    )?;
+
     if config.null_separator {
         write!(stdout, "\0")?;
     } else {
@@ -91,42 +135,46 @@ fn print_entry_colorized<W: Write>(
 // TODO: this function is performance critical and can probably be optimized
 fn print_entry_uncolorized_base<W: Write>(
     stdout: &mut W,
-    path: &Path,
+    entry: &DirEntry,
     config: &Config,
 ) -> io::Result<()> {
     let separator = if config.null_separator { "\0" } else { "\n" };
+    let path = entry.stripped_path(config);
 
     let mut path_string = path.to_string_lossy();
     if let Some(ref separator) = config.path_separator {
         *path_string.to_mut() = replace_path_separator(&path_string, separator);
     }
-    write!(stdout, "{}{}", path_string, separator)
+    write!(stdout, "{}", path_string)?;
+    print_trailing_slash(stdout, entry, config, None)?;
+    write!(stdout, "{}", separator)
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(unix))]
 fn print_entry_uncolorized<W: Write>(
     stdout: &mut W,
-    path: &Path,
+    entry: &DirEntry,
     config: &Config,
 ) -> io::Result<()> {
-    print_entry_uncolorized_base(stdout, path, config)
+    print_entry_uncolorized_base(stdout, entry, config)
 }
 
 #[cfg(unix)]
 fn print_entry_uncolorized<W: Write>(
     stdout: &mut W,
-    path: &Path,
+    entry: &DirEntry,
     config: &Config,
 ) -> io::Result<()> {
     use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 
     if config.interactive_terminal || config.path_separator.is_some() {
         // Fall back to the base implementation
-        print_entry_uncolorized_base(stdout, path, config)
+        print_entry_uncolorized_base(stdout, entry, config)
     } else {
         // Print path as raw bytes, allowing invalid UTF-8 filenames to be passed to other processes
         let separator = if config.null_separator { b"\0" } else { b"\n" };
-        stdout.write_all(path.as_os_str().as_bytes())?;
+        stdout.write_all(entry.stripped_path(config).as_os_str().as_bytes())?;
+        print_trailing_slash(stdout, entry, config, None)?;
         stdout.write_all(separator)
     }
 }

src/regex_helper.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use regex_syntax::ParserBuilder;
 
 /// Determine if a regex pattern contains a literal uppercase character.
 pub fn pattern_has_uppercase_char(pattern: &str) -> bool {
-    let mut parser = ParserBuilder::new().allow_invalid_utf8(true).build();
+    let mut parser = ParserBuilder::new().utf8(false).build();
 
     parser
         .parse(pattern)
@@ -15,19 +15,21 @@ pub fn pattern_has_uppercase_char(pattern: &str) -> bool {
 fn hir_has_uppercase_char(hir: &Hir) -> bool {
     use regex_syntax::hir::*;
 
-    match *hir.kind() {
-        HirKind::Literal(Literal::Unicode(c)) => c.is_uppercase(),
-        HirKind::Literal(Literal::Byte(b)) => char::from(b).is_uppercase(),
-        HirKind::Class(Class::Unicode(ref ranges)) => ranges
+    match hir.kind() {
+        HirKind::Literal(Literal(bytes)) => match std::str::from_utf8(bytes) {
+            Ok(s) => s.chars().any(|c| c.is_uppercase()),
+            Err(_) => bytes.iter().any(|b| char::from(*b).is_uppercase()),
+        },
+        HirKind::Class(Class::Unicode(ranges)) => ranges
             .iter()
             .any(|r| r.start().is_uppercase() || r.end().is_uppercase()),
-        HirKind::Class(Class::Bytes(ref ranges)) => ranges
+        HirKind::Class(Class::Bytes(ranges)) => ranges
             .iter()
             .any(|r| char::from(r.start()).is_uppercase() || char::from(r.end()).is_uppercase()),
-        HirKind::Group(Group { ref hir, .. }) | HirKind::Repetition(Repetition { ref hir, .. }) => {
-            hir_has_uppercase_char(hir)
+        HirKind::Capture(Capture { sub, .. }) | HirKind::Repetition(Repetition { sub, .. }) => {
+            hir_has_uppercase_char(sub)
         }
-        HirKind::Concat(ref hirs) | HirKind::Alternation(ref hirs) => {
+        HirKind::Concat(hirs) | HirKind::Alternation(hirs) => {
             hirs.iter().any(hir_has_uppercase_char)
         }
         _ => false,
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ fn hir_has_uppercase_char(hir: &Hir) -> bool {
 
 /// Determine if a regex pattern only matches strings starting with a literal dot (hidden files)
 pub fn pattern_matches_strings_with_leading_dot(pattern: &str) -> bool {
-    let mut parser = ParserBuilder::new().allow_invalid_utf8(true).build();
+    let mut parser = ParserBuilder::new().utf8(false).build();
 
     parser
         .parse(pattern)
@@ -52,11 +54,11 @@ fn hir_matches_strings_with_leading_dot(hir: &Hir) -> bool {
     // "^\\.", i.e. a start text anchor and a literal dot character. There are a lot
     // of other patterns that ONLY match hidden files, e.g. ^(\\.foo|\\.bar) which are
     // not (yet) detected by this algorithm.
-    match *hir.kind() {
-        HirKind::Concat(ref hirs) => {
+    match hir.kind() {
+        HirKind::Concat(hirs) => {
             let mut hirs = hirs.iter();
             if let Some(hir) = hirs.next() {
-                if *hir.kind() != HirKind::Anchor(Anchor::StartText) {
+                if hir.kind() != &HirKind::Look(Look::Start) {
                     return false;
                 }
             } else {
@@ -64,7 +66,10 @@ fn hir_matches_strings_with_leading_dot(hir: &Hir) -> bool {
             }
 
             if let Some(hir) = hirs.next() {
-                *hir.kind() == HirKind::Literal(Literal::Unicode('.'))
+                match hir.kind() {
+                    HirKind::Literal(Literal(bytes)) => bytes.starts_with(&[b'.']),
+                    _ => false,
+                }
             } else {
                 false
             }

tests/testenv/mod.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use std::os::windows;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process;
 
-use tempdir::TempDir;
+use tempfile::TempDir;
 
 /// Environment for the integration tests.
 pub struct TestEnv {
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ pub struct TestEnv {
 
     /// Normalize each line by sorting the whitespace-separated words
     normalize_line: bool,
+
+    /// Temporary directory for storing test config (global ignore file)
+    config_dir: Option<TempDir>,
 }
 
 /// Create the working directory and the test files.
@@ -27,7 +30,7 @@ fn create_working_directory(
     directories: &[&'static str],
     files: &[&'static str],
 ) -> Result<TempDir, io::Error> {
-    let temp_dir = TempDir::new("fd-tests")?;
+    let temp_dir = tempfile::Builder::new().prefix("fd-tests").tempdir()?;
 
     {
         let root = temp_dir.path();
@@ -59,6 +62,16 @@ fn create_working_directory(
     Ok(temp_dir)
 }
 
+fn create_config_directory_with_global_ignore(ignore_file_content: &str) -> io::Result<TempDir> {
+    let config_dir = tempfile::Builder::new().prefix("fd-config").tempdir()?;
+    let fd_dir = config_dir.path().join("fd");
+    fs::create_dir(&fd_dir)?;
+    let mut ignore_file = fs::File::create(fd_dir.join("ignore"))?;
+    ignore_file.write_all(ignore_file_content.as_bytes())?;
+
+    Ok(config_dir)
+}
+
 /// Find the *fd* executable.
 fn find_fd_exe() -> PathBuf {
     // Tests exe is in target/debug/deps, the *fd* exe is in target/debug
@@ -116,7 +129,7 @@ fn normalize_output(s: &str, trim_start: bool, normalize_line: bool) -> String {
         .lines()
         .map(|line| {
             let line = if trim_start { line.trim_start() } else { line };
-            let line = line.replace('/', &std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR.to_string());
+            let line = line.replace('/', std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR);
             if normalize_line {
                 let mut words: Vec<_> = line.split_whitespace().collect();
                 words.sort_unstable();
@@ -150,6 +163,7 @@ impl TestEnv {
             temp_dir,
             fd_exe,
             normalize_line: false,
+            config_dir: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -158,6 +172,16 @@ impl TestEnv {
             temp_dir: self.temp_dir,
             fd_exe: self.fd_exe,
             normalize_line: normalize,
+            config_dir: self.config_dir,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn global_ignore_file(self, content: &str) -> TestEnv {
+        let config_dir =
+            create_config_directory_with_global_ignore(content).expect("config directory");
+        TestEnv {
+            config_dir: Some(config_dir),
+            ..self
         }
     }
 
@@ -169,7 +193,9 @@ impl TestEnv {
         let root = self.test_root();
         let broken_symlink_link = root.join(link_path);
         {
-            let temp_target_dir = TempDir::new("fd-tests-broken-symlink")?;
+            let temp_target_dir = tempfile::Builder::new()
+                .prefix("fd-tests-broken-symlink")
+                .tempdir()?;
             let broken_symlink_target = temp_target_dir.path().join("broken_symlink_target");
             fs::File::create(&broken_symlink_target)?;
             #[cfg(unix)]
@@ -185,6 +211,12 @@ impl TestEnv {
         self.temp_dir.path().to_path_buf()
     }
 
+    /// Get the path of the fd executable.
+    #[cfg_attr(windows, allow(unused))]
+    pub fn test_exe(&self) -> &PathBuf {
+        &self.fd_exe
+    }
+
     /// Get the root directory of the file system.
     pub fn system_root(&self) -> PathBuf {
         let mut components = self.temp_dir.path().components();
@@ -198,13 +230,8 @@ impl TestEnv {
         path: P,
         args: &[&str],
     ) -> process::Output {
-        // Setup *fd* command.
-        let mut cmd = process::Command::new(&self.fd_exe);
-        cmd.current_dir(self.temp_dir.path().join(path));
-        cmd.arg("--no-global-ignore-file").args(args);
-
         // Run *fd*.
-        let output = cmd.output().expect("fd output");
+        let output = self.run_command(path.as_ref(), args);
 
         // Check for exit status.
         if !output.status.success() {
@@ -280,6 +307,21 @@ impl TestEnv {
         self.assert_error_subdirectory(".", args, Some(expected))
     }
 
+    fn run_command(&self, path: &Path, args: &[&str]) -> process::Output {
+        // Setup *fd* command.
+        let mut cmd = process::Command::new(&self.fd_exe);
+        cmd.current_dir(self.temp_dir.path().join(path));
+        if let Some(config_dir) = &self.config_dir {
+            cmd.env("XDG_CONFIG_HOME", config_dir.path());
+        } else {
+            cmd.arg("--no-global-ignore-file");
+        }
+        cmd.args(args);
+
+        // Run *fd*.
+        cmd.output().expect("fd output")
+    }
+
     /// Assert that calling *fd* in the specified path under the root working directory,
     /// and with the specified arguments produces an error with the expected message.
     fn assert_error_subdirectory<P: AsRef<Path>>(
@@ -288,13 +330,7 @@ impl TestEnv {
         args: &[&str],
         expected: Option<&str>,
     ) -> process::ExitStatus {
-        // Setup *fd* command.
-        let mut cmd = process::Command::new(&self.fd_exe);
-        cmd.current_dir(self.temp_dir.path().join(path));
-        cmd.arg("--no-global-ignore-file").args(args);
-
-        // Run *fd*.
-        let output = cmd.output().expect("fd output");
+        let output = self.run_command(path.as_ref(), args);
 
         if let Some(expected) = expected {
             // Normalize both expected and actual output.