mirror of
https://github.com/phanan/htaccess.git
synced 2018-11-08 13:39:40 +01:00
356 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
356 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
# .htaccess Snippets
|
|
A collection of useful .htaccess snippets, all in one place. I decided to create this repo after getting so tired (and bored) with Googling everytime there's a need of forcing `www` for my new website.
|
|
|
|
**Disclaimer**: While dropping the snippet into an `.htaccess` file is most of the time sufficient, there are cases when certain modifications might be required. Use with your own risks.
|
|
|
|
**NOTE**: Apache 2.4 introduces a few breaking changes, most notably in access control configuration. For more information, check the [upgrading document](https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/upgrading.html) as well as [this issue](https://github.com/phanan/htaccess/issues/2).
|
|
|
|
## Table of Contents
|
|
- [Rewrite and Redirection](#rewrite-and-redirection)
|
|
- [Force www](#force-www)
|
|
- [Force www in a Generic Way](#force-www-in-a-generic-way)
|
|
- [Force non-www](#force-non-www)
|
|
- [Force HTTPS](#force-https)
|
|
- [Force HTTPS Behind a Proxy](#force-https-behind-a-proxy)
|
|
- [Force Trailing Slash](#force-trailing-slash)
|
|
- [Redirect a Single Page](#redirect-a-single-page)
|
|
- [Redirect an Entire Site](#redirect-an-entire-site)
|
|
- [Security](#security)
|
|
- [Deny All Access](#deny-all-access)
|
|
- [Deny All Access Except Yours](#deny-all-access-except-yours)
|
|
- [Allow All Access Except Spammers'](#allow-all-access-except-spammers)
|
|
- [Deny Access to Hidden Files and Directories](#deny-access-to-hidden-files-and-directories)
|
|
- [Deny Access to Backup and Source Files](#deny-access-to-backup-and-source-files)
|
|
- [Disable Directory Browsing](#disable-directory-browsing)
|
|
- [Disable Image Hotlinking](#disable-image-hotlinking)
|
|
- [Password Protect a Directory](#password-protect-a-directory)
|
|
- [Password Protect a File or Several Files](#password-protect-a-file-or-several-files)
|
|
- [Performance](#performance)
|
|
- [Compress Text Files](#compress-text-files)
|
|
- [Set Expires Headers](#set-expires-headers)
|
|
- [Turn eTags Off](#turn-etags-off)
|
|
- [Miscellaneous](#miscellaneous)
|
|
- [Set PHP Variables](#set-php-variables)
|
|
- [Custom Error Pages](#custom-error-pages)
|
|
- [Force Downloading](#force-downloading)
|
|
- [Allow Cross-Domain Fonts](#allow-cross-domain-fonts)
|
|
- [Auto UTF-8 Encode](#auto-utf-8-encode)
|
|
- [Switch to Another PHP Version](#switch-to-another-php-version)
|
|
|
|
## Rewrite and Redirection
|
|
Note: It is assumed that you have `mod_rewrite` installed and enabled.
|
|
|
|
### Force www
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
RewriteEngine on
|
|
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^example\.com [NC]
|
|
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 [L,R=301,NC]
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Force www in a Generic Way
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$
|
|
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\. [NC]
|
|
RewriteCond %{HTTPS}s ^on(s)|
|
|
RewriteRule ^ http%1://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
|
|
```
|
|
This works for _any_ domain. [Source](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4916222/htaccess-how-to-force-www-in-a-generic-way)
|
|
|
|
### Force non-www
|
|
It's actually [recommended](http://no-www.org/) to remove `www` from your domain. Surprise surprise!
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
RewriteEngine on
|
|
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.example\.com [NC]
|
|
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://example.com/$1 [L,R=301]
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Force HTTPS
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
RewriteEngine on
|
|
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !on
|
|
RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Force HTTPS Behind a Proxy
|
|
Useful if you have a proxy in front of your server performing TLS termination.
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
RewriteCond %{HTTP:X-Forwarded-Proto} !https
|
|
RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Force Trailing Slash
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /+[^\.]+$
|
|
RewriteRule ^(.+[^/])$ %{REQUEST_URI}/ [R=301,L]
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Redirect a Single Page
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
Redirect 301 /oldpage.html http://www.yoursite.com/newpage.html
|
|
Redirect 301 /oldpage2.html http://www.yoursite.com/folder/
|
|
```
|
|
[Source](http://css-tricks.com/snippets/htaccess/301-redirects/)
|
|
|
|
### Redirect an Entire Site
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
Redirect 301 / http://newsite.com/
|
|
```
|
|
This way does it with links intact. That is `www.oldsite.com/some/crazy/link.html` will become `www.newsite.com/some/crazy/link.html`. This is extremely helpful when you are just "moving" a site to a new domain. [Source](http://css-tricks.com/snippets/htaccess/301-redirects/)
|
|
|
|
## Security
|
|
### Deny All Access
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
Deny from All
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
But wait, this will lock you out from your content as well! Thus introducing...
|
|
|
|
### Deny All Access Except Yours
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
Order deny, allow
|
|
Deny from All
|
|
Allow from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
|
|
```
|
|
`xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx` is your IP. If you replace the last three digits with 0/12 for example, this will specify a range of IPs within the same network, thus saving you the trouble to list all allowed IPs separately. [Source](http://speckyboy.com/2013/01/08/useful-htaccess-snippets-and-hacks/)
|
|
|
|
Now of course there's a reversed version:
|
|
|
|
### Allow All Access Except Spammers'
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
Order deny, allow
|
|
Allow from All
|
|
Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
|
|
Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Deny Access to Hidden Files and Directories
|
|
Hidden files and directories (those whose names start with a dot `.`) should most, if not all, of the time be secured. For example: `.htaccess`, `.htpasswd`, `.git`, `.hg`...
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -d [OR]
|
|
RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -f
|
|
RewriteRule "(^|/)\." - [F]
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Alternatively, you can just raise a `Not Found` error, giving the attacker dude no clue:
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
RedirectMatch 404 /\..*$
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Deny Access to Backup and Source Files
|
|
These files may be left by some text/html editors (like Vi/Vim) and pose a great security danger, when anyone can access them.
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
<FilesMatch "(\.(bak|config|dist|fla|inc|ini|log|psd|sh|sql|swp)|~)$">
|
|
Order allow,deny
|
|
Deny from all
|
|
Satisfy All
|
|
</FilesMatch>
|
|
```
|
|
[Source](http://h5bp.com)
|
|
|
|
### Disable Directory Browsing
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
Options All -Indexes
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Disable Image Hotlinking
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
RewriteEngine on
|
|
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$
|
|
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http(s)?://(www\.)?yourdomain.com [NC]
|
|
RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)$ - [NC,F,L]
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Password Protect a Directory
|
|
First you need to create a `.htpasswd` file somewhere in the system:
|
|
``` bash
|
|
htpasswd -c /home/fellowship/.htpasswd boromir
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Then you can use it for authentication:
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
AuthType Basic
|
|
AuthName "One does not simply"
|
|
AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd
|
|
Require valid-user
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Password Protect a File or Several Files
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
AuthName "One still does not simply"
|
|
AuthType Basic
|
|
AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd
|
|
|
|
<Files "one-ring.o">
|
|
Require valid-user
|
|
</Files>
|
|
|
|
<FilesMatch ^((one|two|three)-rings?\.o)$>
|
|
Require valid-user
|
|
</FilesMatch>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Performance
|
|
### Compress Text Files
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
|
|
|
|
# Force compression for mangled headers.
|
|
# http://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/posts/2010/12/pushing-beyond-gzipping
|
|
<IfModule mod_setenvif.c>
|
|
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
|
|
SetEnvIfNoCase ^(Accept-EncodXng|X-cept-Encoding|X{15}|~{15}|-{15})$ ^((gzip|deflate)\s*,?\s*)+|[X~-]{4,13}$ HAVE_Accept-Encoding
|
|
RequestHeader append Accept-Encoding "gzip,deflate" env=HAVE_Accept-Encoding
|
|
</IfModule>
|
|
</IfModule>
|
|
|
|
# Compress all output labeled with one of the following MIME-types
|
|
# (for Apache versions below 2.3.7, you don't need to enable `mod_filter`
|
|
# and can remove the `<IfModule mod_filter.c>` and `</IfModule>` lines
|
|
# as `AddOutputFilterByType` is still in the core directives).
|
|
<IfModule mod_filter.c>
|
|
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/atom+xml \
|
|
application/javascript \
|
|
application/json \
|
|
application/rss+xml \
|
|
application/vnd.ms-fontobject \
|
|
application/x-font-ttf \
|
|
application/x-web-app-manifest+json \
|
|
application/xhtml+xml \
|
|
application/xml \
|
|
font/opentype \
|
|
image/svg+xml \
|
|
image/x-icon \
|
|
text/css \
|
|
text/html \
|
|
text/plain \
|
|
text/x-component \
|
|
text/xml
|
|
</IfModule>
|
|
|
|
</IfModule>
|
|
```
|
|
[Source](https://h5bp.com)
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Set Expires Headers
|
|
_Expires headers_ tell the browser whether they should request a specific file from the server or just grab it from the cache. It is advisable to set static content's expires headers to something far in the future.
|
|
If you don't control versioning with filename-based cache busting, consider lowering the cache time for resources like CSS and JS to something like 1 week. [Source](http://h5bp.com)
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
<IfModule mod_expires.c>
|
|
ExpiresActive on
|
|
ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month"
|
|
|
|
# CSS
|
|
ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 1 year"
|
|
|
|
# Data interchange
|
|
ExpiresByType application/json "access plus 0 seconds"
|
|
ExpiresByType application/xml "access plus 0 seconds"
|
|
ExpiresByType text/xml "access plus 0 seconds"
|
|
|
|
# Favicon (cannot be renamed!)
|
|
ExpiresByType image/x-icon "access plus 1 week"
|
|
|
|
# HTML components (HTCs)
|
|
ExpiresByType text/x-component "access plus 1 month"
|
|
|
|
# HTML
|
|
ExpiresByType text/html "access plus 0 seconds"
|
|
|
|
# JavaScript
|
|
ExpiresByType application/javascript "access plus 1 year"
|
|
|
|
# Manifest files
|
|
ExpiresByType application/x-web-app-manifest+json "access plus 0 seconds"
|
|
ExpiresByType text/cache-manifest "access plus 0 seconds"
|
|
|
|
# Media
|
|
ExpiresByType audio/ogg "access plus 1 month"
|
|
ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 1 month"
|
|
ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 1 month"
|
|
ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 1 month"
|
|
ExpiresByType video/mp4 "access plus 1 month"
|
|
ExpiresByType video/ogg "access plus 1 month"
|
|
ExpiresByType video/webm "access plus 1 month"
|
|
|
|
# Web feeds
|
|
ExpiresByType application/atom+xml "access plus 1 hour"
|
|
ExpiresByType application/rss+xml "access plus 1 hour"
|
|
|
|
# Web fonts
|
|
ExpiresByType application/font-woff "access plus 1 month"
|
|
ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-fontobject "access plus 1 month"
|
|
ExpiresByType application/x-font-ttf "access plus 1 month"
|
|
ExpiresByType font/opentype "access plus 1 month"
|
|
ExpiresByType image/svg+xml "access plus 1 month"
|
|
</IfModule>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Turn eTags Off
|
|
By removing the ETag header, you disable caches and browsers from being able to validate files, so they are forced to rely on your Cache-Control and Expires header. [Source](http://www.askapache.com/htaccess/apache-speed-etags.html)
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
|
|
Header unset ETag
|
|
</IfModule>
|
|
FileETag None
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Miscellaneous
|
|
|
|
### Set PHP Variables
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
php_value <key> <val>
|
|
|
|
# For example:
|
|
php_value upload_max_filesize 50M
|
|
php_value max_execution_time 240
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Custom Error Pages
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
ErrorDocument 500 "Houston, we have a problem."
|
|
ErrorDocument 401 http://error.yourdomain.com/mordor.html
|
|
ErrorDocument 404 /errors/halflife3.html
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Force Downloading
|
|
Sometimes you want to force the browser to download some content instead of displaying it. The following snippet will help.
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
<Files *.md>
|
|
ForceType application/octet-stream
|
|
Header set Content-Disposition attachment
|
|
</Files>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Allow Cross-Domain Fonts
|
|
CDN-served webfonts might not work in Firefox or IE due to [CORS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-origin_resource_sharing). The following snippet from [HTML5Boilerplate](http://h5bp.com) should make it happen.
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
|
|
<FilesMatch "\.(eot|otf|ttc|ttf|woff)$">
|
|
Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*"
|
|
</FilesMatch>
|
|
</IfModule>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Auto UTF-8 Encode
|
|
Your text content should always be UTF-8 encoded, no?
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
# Use UTF-8 encoding for anything served text/plain or text/html
|
|
AddDefaultCharset utf-8
|
|
|
|
# Force UTF-8 for a number of file formats
|
|
AddCharset utf-8 .atom .css .js .json .rss .vtt .xml
|
|
```
|
|
[Source](http://h5bp.com)
|
|
|
|
### Switch to Another PHP Version
|
|
If you're on a shared host, chances are there are more than one version of PHP installed, and sometimes you want a specific version for your website. For example, [Laravel](https://github.com/laravel/laravel) requires PHP >= 5.4. The following snippet should switch the PHP version for you.
|
|
|
|
``` apacheconf
|
|
AddHandler application/x-httpd-php55 .php
|
|
|
|
# Alternatively, you can use AddType
|
|
AddType application/x-httpd-php55 .php
|
|
```
|