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528 lines
23 KiB
Markdown
528 lines
23 KiB
Markdown
# .htaccess сниппеты [](https://github.com/sindresorhus/awesome)
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Коллекция .htaccess сниппетов, собранных в одном месте.
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**Дисклеймер**: Перед тем, как использовать сниппет в файле `.htaccess`, в большинстве случаев необходимо сделать небольшие коррекции (поменять название папки или файла, изменить URL и т.д.). Используйте сниппеты на свой страх и риск.
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**ВАЖНО**: В Apache 2.4 появилось несколько важных изменений, особенно в конфигурации управления доступами. Чтобы узнать больше об этих и других изменениях перейдите по этой [ссылке](https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/upgrading.html), а также просмотрите это [ишью](https://github.com/phanan/htaccess/issues/2).
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## Поддержка
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Что мы делаем? Здесь собраны самые полезные сниппеты для файла `.htaccess` из всего интернета (например, много разных приемов из [Apache Server Configs](https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache) мы собрали в одном месте). Не исключено, что мы могли что-то упустить. Если вы заметили где-то ошибки или несоответствия, пожалуйста, сообщите нам об этом или сделайте Pull Request.
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Подробнее о том, как помочь проекту и делать Pull Request'ы, вы можете прочитать в [этой статье](https://habrahabr.ru/post/275219/) на Хабрахабр.
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## Содержание
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- [Rewrite и Redirect](#rewrite-and-redirection)
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- [Перенаправление с без www на с www](#Перенаправление-с-без-www-на-с-www)
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- [Перенаправление с без www на с www для http или https](#Перенаправление-с-без-www-на-с-www-для-http-или-https)
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- [Force non-www](#force-non-www)
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- [Force non-www in a Generic Way](#force-non-www-in-a-generic-way)
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- [Force HTTPS](#force-https)
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- [Force HTTPS Behind a Proxy](#force-https-behind-a-proxy)
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- [Вставить завершающий слэш](#force-trailing-slash)
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- [Удалить завершающий слэш](#remove-trailing-slash)
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- [Редирект со страницы на страницу](#redirect-a-single-page)
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- [Редирект с использованием RedirectMatch](#redirect-using-redirectmatch)
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- [Редирект с директории на директорию](#alias-a-single-directory)
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- [Alias Paths to Script](#alias-paths-to-script)
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- [Редирект всего сайта](#redirect-an-entire-site)
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- [Alias "Clean" URLs](#alias-clean-urls)
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- [Безопасность](#security)
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- [Запретить доступ всем](#deny-all-access)
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- [Запретить доступ всем, кроме...](#deny-all-access-except-yours)
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- [Разрешить доступ всем, кроме...](#allow-all-access-except-spammers)
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- [Запретить доступ к скрытым файлам и директориям](#deny-access-to-hidden-files-and-directories)
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- [Запретить доступ к файлам](#deny-access-to-backup-and-source-files)
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- [Запретить листинг директорий](#disable-directory-browsing)
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- [Запретить хотлинкинг изображений](#disable-image-hotlinking)
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- [Запретить хотлинкинг изображений для определенных доменов](#disable-image-hotlinking-for-specific-domains)
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- [Защитить паролем директорию](#password-protect-a-directory)
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- [Защитить паролем один или несколько файлов](#password-protect-a-file-or-several-files)
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- [Заблокировать посетителя по Referrer](#block-visitors-by-referrer)
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- [Запретить рендеринг сайта во фрейме](#prevent-framing-the-site)
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- [Производительность](#performance)
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- [Сжатие текстовых файлов](#compress-text-files)
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- [Установить Expires Headers](#set-expires-headers)
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- [Выключить eTags](#turn-etags-off)
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- [Разное](#miscellaneous)
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- [Настройка PHP](#set-php-variables)
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- [Собственные страницы ошибок](#custom-error-pages)
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- [Принудительная загрузка (скачивать файл вместо отображения в браузере)](#force-downloading)
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- [Запретить загрузку (отображать plain в браузере)](#prevent-downloading)
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- [Разрешить кроссдоменные шрифты](#allow-cross-domain-fonts)
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- [Установить кодировку UTF-8](#auto-utf-8-encode)
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- [Переключиться на другую версию PHP](#switch-to-another-php-version)
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- [Отключить режим совместимости в Internet Explorer](#disable-internet-explorer-compatibility-view)
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- [Работа с WebP изображениями](#serve-webp-images)
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## Rewrite и Redirect
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Примечание: Предполагается, что модуль `mod_rewrite` установлен и включен.
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### Перенаправление с без www на с www
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteEngine on
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RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^example\.com [NC]
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RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 [L,R=301,NC]
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```
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### Перенаправление с без www на с www для http или https
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$
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RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\. [NC]
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RewriteCond %{HTTPS}s ^on(s)|
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RewriteRule ^ http%1://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
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```
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Это работает для _любого_ домена. [Источник](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4916222/htaccess-how-to-force-www-in-a-generic-way)
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### Перенаправление с www на без www
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It’s [still](http://www.sitepoint.com/domain-www-or-no-www/) [open](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/apex-domains) [for](http://yes-www.org/) [debate](http://no-www.org/) whether www or non-www is the way to go, so if you happen to be a fan of bare domains, here you go:
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteEngine on
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RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.example\.com [NC]
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RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://example.com/$1 [L,R=301]
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```
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### Перенаправление с www на без www для любого протокола (http или https)
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteEngine on
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RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.
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RewriteCond %{HTTPS}s ^on(s)|off
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RewriteCond http%1://%{HTTP_HOST} ^(https?://)(www\.)?(.+)$
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RewriteRule ^ %1%3%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
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```
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### Перенаправление на HTTPS
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteEngine on
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RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !on
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RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}
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# Note: It’s also recommended to enable HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)
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# on your HTTPS website to help prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.
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# See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/HTTP_strict_transport_security
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<IfModule mod_headers.c>
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Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains"
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</IfModule>
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```
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### Force HTTPS Behind a Proxy
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Useful if you have a proxy in front of your server performing TLS termination.
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteCond %{HTTP:X-Forwarded-Proto} !https
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RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}
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```
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### Force Trailing Slash
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /+[^\.]+$
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RewriteRule ^(.+[^/])$ %{REQUEST_URI}/ [R=301,L]
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```
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### Remove Trailing Slash
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This snippet will redirect paths ending in slashes to their non-slash-terminated counterparts (except for actual directories), e.g. `http://www.example.com/blog/` to `http://www.example.com/blog`. This is important for SEO, since it’s [recommended](http://overit.com/blog/canonical-urls) to have a canonical URL for every page.
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
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RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} (.+)/$
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RewriteRule ^ %1 [R=301,L]
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```
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[Source](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21417263/htaccess-add-remove-trailing-slash-from-url#27264788)
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### Redirect a Single Page
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``` apacheconf
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Redirect 301 /oldpage.html http://www.example.com/newpage.html
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Redirect 301 /oldpage2.html http://www.example.com/folder/
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```
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[Source](http://css-tricks.com/snippets/htaccess/301-redirects/)
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### Redirect Using RedirectMatch
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``` apacheconf
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RedirectMatch 301 /subdirectory(.*) http://www.newsite.com/newfolder/$1
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RedirectMatch 301 ^/(.*).htm$ /$1.html
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RedirectMatch 301 ^/200([0-9])/([^01])(.*)$ /$2$3
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RedirectMatch 301 ^/category/(.*)$ /$1
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RedirectMatch 301 ^/(.*)/htaccesselite-ultimate-htaccess-article.html(.*) /htaccess/htaccess.html
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RedirectMatch 301 ^/(.*).html/1/(.*) /$1.html$2
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RedirectMatch 301 ^/manual/(.*)$ http://www.php.net/manual/$1
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RedirectMatch 301 ^/dreamweaver/(.*)$ /tools/$1
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RedirectMatch 301 ^/z/(.*)$ http://static.askapache.com/$1
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```
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[Source](http://www.askapache.com/htaccess/301-redirect-with-mod_rewrite-or-redirectmatch.html#301_Redirects_RedirectMatch)
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### Alias a Single Directory
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteEngine On
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RewriteRule ^source-directory/(.*) /target-directory/$1 [R=301,L]
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```
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### Alias Paths To Script
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``` apacheconf
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FallbackResource /index.fcgi
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```
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This example has an `index.fcgi` file in some directory, and any requests within that directory that fail to resolve a filename/directory will be sent to the `index.fcgi` script. It’s good if you want `baz.foo/some/cool/path` to be handled by `baz.foo/index.fcgi` (which also supports requests to `baz.foo`) while maintaining `baz.foo/css/style.css` and the like. Get access to the original path from the PATH_INFO environment variable, as exposed to your scripting environment.
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteEngine On
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RewriteRule ^$ index.fcgi/ [QSA,L]
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RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
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RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
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RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.fcgi/$1 [QSA,L]
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```
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This is a less efficient version of the FallbackResource directive (because using `mod_rewrite` is more complex than just handling the `FallbackResource` directive), but it’s also more flexible.
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### Redirect an Entire Site
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``` apacheconf
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Redirect 301 / http://newsite.com/
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```
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This way does it with links intact. That is `www.oldsite.com/some/crazy/link.html` will become `www.newsite.com/some/crazy/link.html`. This is extremely helpful when you are just “moving” a site to a new domain. [Source](http://css-tricks.com/snippets/htaccess/301-redirects/)
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### Alias “Clean” URLs
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This snippet lets you use “clean” URLs -- those without a PHP extension, e.g. `example.com/users` instead of `example.com/users.php`.
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteEngine On
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RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} !-d
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RewriteRule ^([^.]+)$ $1.php [NC,L]
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```
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[Source](http://www.abeautifulsite.net/access-pages-without-the-php-extension-using-htaccess/)
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## Security
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### Deny All Access
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``` apacheconf
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## Apache 2.2
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Deny from all
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## Apache 2.4
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# Require all denied
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```
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But wait, this will lock you out from your content as well! Thus introducing...
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### Deny All Access Except Yours
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``` apacheconf
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## Apache 2.2
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Order deny,allow
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Deny from all
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Allow from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
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## Apache 2.4
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# Require all denied
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# Require ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
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```
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`xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx` is your IP. If you replace the last three digits with `0/12` for example, this will specify a range of IPs within the same network, thus saving you the trouble to list all allowed IPs separately. [Source](http://speckyboy.com/2013/01/08/useful-htaccess-snippets-and-hacks/)
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Now of course there's a reversed version:
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### Allow All Access Except Spammers'
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``` apacheconf
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## Apache 2.2
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Order deny,allow
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Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
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Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy
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## Apache 2.4
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# Require all granted
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# Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
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# Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy
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```
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### Deny Access to Hidden Files and Directories
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Hidden files and directories (those whose names start with a dot `.`) should most, if not all, of the time be secured. For example: `.htaccess`, `.htpasswd`, `.git`, `.hg`...
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -d [OR]
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RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -f
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RewriteRule "(^|/)\." - [F]
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```
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Alternatively, you can just raise a “Not Found” error, giving the attacker no clue:
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``` apacheconf
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RedirectMatch 404 /\..*$
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```
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### Deny Access to Backup and Source Files
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These files may be left by some text/HTML editors (like Vi/Vim) and pose a great security danger if exposed to public.
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``` apacheconf
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<FilesMatch "(\.(bak|config|dist|fla|inc|ini|log|psd|sh|sql|swp)|~)$">
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## Apache 2.2
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Order allow,deny
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Deny from all
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Satisfy All
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## Apache 2.4
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# Require all denied
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</FilesMatch>
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```
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[Source](https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache)
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### Disable Directory Browsing
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``` apacheconf
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Options All -Indexes
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```
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### Disable Image Hotlinking
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteEngine on
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# Remove the following line if you want to block blank referrer too
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RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$
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RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^https?://(.+\.)?example.com [NC]
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RewriteRule \.(jpe?g|png|gif|bmp)$ - [NC,F,L]
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# If you want to display a “blocked” banner in place of the hotlinked image,
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# replace the above rule with:
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# RewriteRule \.(jpe?g|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]
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```
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### Disable Image Hotlinking for Specific Domains
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Sometimes you want to disable image hotlinking from some bad guys only.
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteEngine on
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RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^https?://(.+\.)?badsite\.com [NC,OR]
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RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^https?://(.+\.)?badsite2\.com [NC,OR]
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RewriteRule \.(jpe?g|png|gif|bmp)$ - [NC,F,L]
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# If you want to display a “blocked” banner in place of the hotlinked image,
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# replace the above rule with:
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# RewriteRule \.(jpe?g|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]
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```
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### Password Protect a Directory
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First you need to create a `.htpasswd` file somewhere in the system:
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``` bash
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htpasswd -c /home/fellowship/.htpasswd boromir
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```
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Then you can use it for authentication:
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``` apacheconf
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AuthType Basic
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AuthName "One does not simply"
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AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd
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Require valid-user
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```
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### Password Protect a File or Several Files
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``` apacheconf
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AuthName "One still does not simply"
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AuthType Basic
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AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd
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<Files "one-ring.o">
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Require valid-user
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</Files>
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<FilesMatch ^((one|two|three)-rings?\.o)$>
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Require valid-user
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</FilesMatch>
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```
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### Block Visitors by Referrer
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This denies access for all users who are coming from (referred by) a specific domain.
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[Source](http://www.htaccess-guide.com/deny-visitors-by-referrer/)
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``` apacheconf
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RewriteEngine on
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# Options +FollowSymlinks
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RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} somedomain\.com [NC,OR]
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RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} anotherdomain\.com
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RewriteRule .* - [F]
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```
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### Prevent Framing the Site
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This prevents the website to be framed (i.e. put into an `iframe` tag), when still allows framing for a specific URI.
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``` apacheconf
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SetEnvIf Request_URI "/starry-night" allow_framing=true
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Header set X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN env=!allow_framing
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```
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## Performance
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### Compress Text Files
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``` apacheconf
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<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
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# Force compression for mangled headers.
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# https://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/pushing-beyond-gzipping-25601.html
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<IfModule mod_setenvif.c>
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<IfModule mod_headers.c>
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SetEnvIfNoCase ^(Accept-EncodXng|X-cept-Encoding|X{15}|~{15}|-{15})$ ^((gzip|deflate)\s*,?\s*)+|[X~-]{4,13}$ HAVE_Accept-Encoding
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RequestHeader append Accept-Encoding "gzip,deflate" env=HAVE_Accept-Encoding
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</IfModule>
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</IfModule>
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# Compress all output labeled with one of the following MIME-types
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# (for Apache versions below 2.3.7, you don't need to enable `mod_filter`
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# and can remove the `<IfModule mod_filter.c>` and `</IfModule>` lines
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# as `AddOutputFilterByType` is still in the core directives).
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<IfModule mod_filter.c>
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AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/atom+xml \
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application/javascript \
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application/json \
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application/rss+xml \
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application/vnd.ms-fontobject \
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application/x-font-ttf \
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application/x-web-app-manifest+json \
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application/xhtml+xml \
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application/xml \
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font/opentype \
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image/svg+xml \
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image/x-icon \
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text/css \
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text/html \
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text/plain \
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text/x-component \
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text/xml
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</IfModule>
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</IfModule>
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```
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[Source](https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache)
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### Set Expires Headers
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_Expires headers_ tell the browser whether they should request a specific file from the server or just grab it from the cache. It is advisable to set static content's expires headers to something far in the future.
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If you don’t control versioning with filename-based cache busting, consider lowering the cache time for resources like CSS and JS to something like 1 week. [Source](https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache)
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``` apacheconf
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<IfModule mod_expires.c>
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ExpiresActive on
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ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month"
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# CSS
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ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 1 year"
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# Data interchange
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ExpiresByType application/json "access plus 0 seconds"
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ExpiresByType application/xml "access plus 0 seconds"
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ExpiresByType text/xml "access plus 0 seconds"
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|
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# Favicon (cannot be renamed!)
|
||
ExpiresByType image/x-icon "access plus 1 week"
|
||
|
||
# HTML components (HTCs)
|
||
ExpiresByType text/x-component "access plus 1 month"
|
||
|
||
# HTML
|
||
ExpiresByType text/html "access plus 0 seconds"
|
||
|
||
# JavaScript
|
||
ExpiresByType application/javascript "access plus 1 year"
|
||
|
||
# Manifest files
|
||
ExpiresByType application/x-web-app-manifest+json "access plus 0 seconds"
|
||
ExpiresByType text/cache-manifest "access plus 0 seconds"
|
||
|
||
# Media
|
||
ExpiresByType audio/ogg "access plus 1 month"
|
||
ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 1 month"
|
||
ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 1 month"
|
||
ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 1 month"
|
||
ExpiresByType video/mp4 "access plus 1 month"
|
||
ExpiresByType video/ogg "access plus 1 month"
|
||
ExpiresByType video/webm "access plus 1 month"
|
||
|
||
# Web feeds
|
||
ExpiresByType application/atom+xml "access plus 1 hour"
|
||
ExpiresByType application/rss+xml "access plus 1 hour"
|
||
|
||
# Web fonts
|
||
ExpiresByType application/font-woff2 "access plus 1 month"
|
||
ExpiresByType application/font-woff "access plus 1 month"
|
||
ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-fontobject "access plus 1 month"
|
||
ExpiresByType application/x-font-ttf "access plus 1 month"
|
||
ExpiresByType font/opentype "access plus 1 month"
|
||
ExpiresByType image/svg+xml "access plus 1 month"
|
||
</IfModule>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Turn eTags Off
|
||
By removing the `ETag` header, you disable caches and browsers from being able to validate files, so they are forced to rely on your `Cache-Control` and `Expires` header. [Source](http://www.askapache.com/htaccess/apache-speed-etags.html)
|
||
``` apacheconf
|
||
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
|
||
Header unset ETag
|
||
</IfModule>
|
||
FileETag None
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## Miscellaneous
|
||
|
||
### Set PHP Variables
|
||
``` apacheconf
|
||
php_value <key> <val>
|
||
|
||
# For example:
|
||
php_value upload_max_filesize 50M
|
||
php_value max_execution_time 240
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Custom Error Pages
|
||
``` apacheconf
|
||
ErrorDocument 500 "Houston, we have a problem."
|
||
ErrorDocument 401 http://error.example.com/mordor.html
|
||
ErrorDocument 404 /errors/halflife3.html
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Force Downloading
|
||
Sometimes you want to force the browser to download some content instead of displaying it.
|
||
``` apacheconf
|
||
<Files *.md>
|
||
ForceType application/octet-stream
|
||
Header set Content-Disposition attachment
|
||
</Files>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Now there is a yang to this yin:
|
||
|
||
### Prevent Downloading
|
||
Sometimes you want to force the browser to display some content instead of downloading it.
|
||
``` apacheconf
|
||
<FilesMatch "\.(tex|log|aux)$">
|
||
Header set Content-Type text/plain
|
||
</FilesMatch>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Allow Cross-Domain Fonts
|
||
CDN-served webfonts might not work in Firefox or IE due to [CORS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-origin_resource_sharing). This snippet solves the problem.
|
||
``` apacheconf
|
||
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
|
||
<FilesMatch "\.(eot|otf|ttc|ttf|woff|woff2)$">
|
||
Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*"
|
||
</FilesMatch>
|
||
</IfModule>
|
||
```
|
||
[Source](https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache/issues/32)
|
||
|
||
### Auto UTF-8 Encode
|
||
Your text content should always be UTF-8 encoded, no?
|
||
``` apacheconf
|
||
# Use UTF-8 encoding for anything served text/plain or text/html
|
||
AddDefaultCharset utf-8
|
||
|
||
# Force UTF-8 for a number of file formats
|
||
AddCharset utf-8 .atom .css .js .json .rss .vtt .xml
|
||
```
|
||
[Source](https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache)
|
||
|
||
### Switch to Another PHP Version
|
||
If you’re on a shared host, chances are there are more than one version of PHP installed, and sometimes you want a specific version for your website. The following snippet should switch the PHP version for you.
|
||
|
||
``` apacheconf
|
||
AddHandler application/x-httpd-php56 .php
|
||
|
||
# Alternatively, you can use AddType
|
||
AddType application/x-httpd-php56 .php
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Disable Internet Explorer Compatibility View
|
||
Compatibility View in IE may affect how some websites are displayed. The following snippet should force IE to use the Edge Rendering Engine and disable the Compatibility View.
|
||
|
||
``` apacheconf
|
||
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
|
||
BrowserMatch MSIE is-msie
|
||
Header set X-UA-Compatible IE=edge env=is-msie
|
||
</IfModule>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Serve WebP Images
|
||
If [WebP images](https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/?csw=1) are supported and an image with a .webp extension and the same name is found at the same place as the jpg/png image that is going to be served, then the WebP image is served instead.
|
||
|
||
``` apacheconf
|
||
RewriteEngine On
|
||
RewriteCond %{HTTP_ACCEPT} image/webp
|
||
RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/$1.webp -f
|
||
RewriteRule (.+)\.(jpe?g|png)$ $1.webp [T=image/webp,E=accept:1]
|
||
```
|
||
[Source](https://github.com/vincentorback/WebP-images-with-htaccess)
|